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Rejection of trace organics---nitros...

Stanford University.

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Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration.

紀錄類型:	書目-語言資料,印刷品 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration./
作者:	Steinle-Darling, Eva.
面頁冊數:	130 p.
附註:	Adviser: Martin Reinhard.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International69-05B.
標題:	Engineering, Environmental. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=3313669
ISBN:	9780549623359

Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration.
Steinle-Darling, Eva.

Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration. - 130 p.

Adviser: Martin Reinhard.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2008.

Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are increasingly used to treat recycled water due to their general efficiency at removing organic and inorganic contaminants as well as their value as an absolute barrier to pathogens. However, research has also shown that NF and RO membranes are permeable to certain, relatively small, trace organic contaminants. Some of these contaminants are pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which have been made notorious by recent news coverage. Due to the increasing prevalence of water recycling, which short-circuits the natural treatment processes that occur between wastewater and drinking water treatment steps, understanding viable treatment options for these compounds, such as RO and NF membrane filtration, is of paramount importance.

ISBN: 9780549623359Subjects--Topical Terms:

783782
Engineering, Environmental.

Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration.
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245 1 0 $a Rejection of trace organics---nitrosamines, perfluorochemicals, and others---via reverse osmosis and nanofiltration.
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500 $a Adviser: Martin Reinhard.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: B, page: 3205.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2008.
520 $a Reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) are increasingly used to treat recycled water due to their general efficiency at removing organic and inorganic contaminants as well as their value as an absolute barrier to pathogens. However, research has also shown that NF and RO membranes are permeable to certain, relatively small, trace organic contaminants. Some of these contaminants are pharmaceuticals and personal care products, which have been made notorious by recent news coverage. Due to the increasing prevalence of water recycling, which short-circuits the natural treatment processes that occur between wastewater and drinking water treatment steps, understanding viable treatment options for these compounds, such as RO and NF membrane filtration, is of paramount importance.
520 $a This thesis focuses on three general classes of such contaminants: The first class investigated was a group of seven N-nitrosamines, which are disinfection byproducts formed during disinfection with chloramines. The most well-known compound in this group is N-nitrosodimethylamine, or NDMA. The second class was a group of 15 perfluorochemicals (PFCs), compounds which are highly persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic and are found ubiquitously in the environment due to their use in many non-stick coatings. The final group consists of a varied collection trace organic contaminants, mostly pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), which have all been reported to be found in wastewater-influenced water bodies and in some cases even in drinking water.
520 $a The rejection of these classes of contaminants were measured under varying feed conditions using a bench-scale cross-flow membrane setup with three cells in parallel, allowing triplicate simultaneous measurements to account for variability between membrane samples. Additionally, an extraction procedure was developed to determine the amount of contaminant sorbed to membrane coupons after the completion of rejection experiments, which was validated using spike-recovery tests.
520 $a Rejection results for all three classes of contaminants were consistent with the three basic mechanisms thought to be responsible for membrane rejection: size exclusion, charge repulsion and membrane-solute affnity. Nitrosamines are small, uncharged and polar, behaving much like the water molecules that membranes are designed to let pass. Therefore, their rejections by RO membranes were low (55-70% for NDMA). The effects of solution conditions were negligible, but the presence of an artificial fouling layer lowered rejection (to <40%) due to an increase in concentration polarization. The rejection of PFCs by NF membranes was in general very high (>95% for all PFCs with MW > 300 g/mol) and dominated by charge repulsion effects due to the negative charge on both membrane and solute. An exception was FOSA (499 g/mol), with rejections as low as 40%. FOSA is uncharged at circumneutral pH levels, and sorbs more than other PFCs of similar size, indicating that the lack of charge repulsion as well as an increased affinity for the membrane material are potential explanations for its low rejection.
520 $a Finally, the relationship between membrane affinity and rejection was investigated in two parts. First, a novel mass-balance approach to predicting the sorbed amounts on the membrane from rejection data was successfully applied to data from FOSA and fluoxetine. Secondly, sorption and rejection data for FOSA and the group of mixed PPCPs indicated that those compounds which sorb significantly to the membrane material are also those which are rejected less. The results also indicate that the presence and sorption of trace organics can significantly affect the rejection of others due to possible competitive sorption effects.
590 $a School code: 0212.
650 4 $a Engineering, Environmental. $3 783782
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791 $a Ph.D.
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