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Facilitating the Facilitators: Advan...

Knoester, Ewout Geerten.

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Facilitating the Facilitators: Advancing Coral Reef Restoration by Considering Ecological Keystone Species.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Facilitating the Facilitators: Advancing Coral Reef Restoration by Considering Ecological Keystone Species./
Author:	Knoester, Ewout Geerten.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2023,
Description:	195 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International85-04B.
Subject:	Habitats. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=30681073
ISBN:	9798380564700

Facilitating the Facilitators: Advancing Coral Reef Restoration by Considering Ecological Keystone Species.
Knoester, Ewout Geerten.

Facilitating the Facilitators: Advancing Coral Reef Restoration by Considering Ecological Keystone Species. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023 - 195 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 85-04, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wageningen University and Research, 2023.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

The highly biodiverse coral reefs provide important economic and cultural ecosystem services to numerous tropical coastal nations around the world. Yet despite their evident benefits, coral reefs have lost half of their live coral cover in recent decades due to destructive uses and inadequate local management aggravated by global climate change. In addition to urgent climate action and improved local management, coral reef restoration has emerged as a new conservation tool. Coral gardening is a commonly-used restoration technique where coral fragments are first grown in nurseries and then outplanted onto degraded or artificial reefs (ARs). This active manipulation of coral populations is typically applied to accelerate the recovery towards a functional reef and its associated ecosystem services. However, the effectiveness of coral gardening, ARs and the wider practice of reef restoration is not yet well studied and still debated, as restoration efforts have generally been small-scale, costly and hampered by ecological setbacks. For example, coral nurseries commonly require high recurrent maintenance to remove competing biofouling such as macroalgae, while outplanted corals on degraded reefs and ARs often experience high predation pressure by fish and invertebrates. This thesis aims to improve our understanding on the key processes of herbivory and coral predation on natural reefs and use this ecological knowledge to improve the two-step coral gardening approach. Facilitation of ecological processes and keystone species (i.e. facilitating the facilitators) in reef restoration has the potential to reduce ecological surprises, reduce costs and thereby allow upscaling of restoration efforts. Through extensive field experiments in collaboration with an ongoing reef restoration project in Mkwiro, Kenya, the following three investigations were performed: the identification of herbivorous and corallivorous keystone species and their population dynamics on natural reefs (Chapters 2 & 3), the quantification of benefits and costs associated with herbivorous and corallivorous fish interacting with coral nurseries (Chapters 4 & 5) and the determination of how the impacts of keystone species and the performance of outplanted coral fragments in the first years are influenced by AR design (Chapter 6). This thesis concludes with a general discussion in which the research topics are linked, acquired insights synthesized and perspectives on coral reef restoration given (Chapter 7).Chapter 2 aimed to identify locally important herbivores at six reefs in southern Kenya and empirically quantify their macroalgal removal (i.e. browsing). In addition, the influence of fisheries management on herbivores and their browsing pressure was studied. Video-recorded macroalgae buffet assays were used to identify herbivore species and their browsing activity and these were related to biomass estimates from stationary fish surveys and sea urchins counts. Herbivorous fish biomass was seven-fold higher in no-take zones compared to fished zones and included substantially more browsing unicornfishes and scraping parrotfishes. Macroalgae consumption was nearly three-fold higher in no-take zones and was mainly performed by these larger browsing and scraping herbivorous fishes. In contrast, fished zones with low macroalgae consumption were dominated by damselfishes and sea urchins. This chapter illustrates that fishing restrictions are likely to support reef resilience by increasing the biomass of functionally important herbivorous fishes and their consumption of coral-competing macroalgae.

ISBN: 9798380564700Subjects--Topical Terms:

3564192
Habitats.

Facilitating the Facilitators: Advancing Coral Reef Restoration by Considering Ecological Keystone Species.
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520 $a The highly biodiverse coral reefs provide important economic and cultural ecosystem services to numerous tropical coastal nations around the world. Yet despite their evident benefits, coral reefs have lost half of their live coral cover in recent decades due to destructive uses and inadequate local management aggravated by global climate change. In addition to urgent climate action and improved local management, coral reef restoration has emerged as a new conservation tool. Coral gardening is a commonly-used restoration technique where coral fragments are first grown in nurseries and then outplanted onto degraded or artificial reefs (ARs). This active manipulation of coral populations is typically applied to accelerate the recovery towards a functional reef and its associated ecosystem services. However, the effectiveness of coral gardening, ARs and the wider practice of reef restoration is not yet well studied and still debated, as restoration efforts have generally been small-scale, costly and hampered by ecological setbacks. For example, coral nurseries commonly require high recurrent maintenance to remove competing biofouling such as macroalgae, while outplanted corals on degraded reefs and ARs often experience high predation pressure by fish and invertebrates. This thesis aims to improve our understanding on the key processes of herbivory and coral predation on natural reefs and use this ecological knowledge to improve the two-step coral gardening approach. Facilitation of ecological processes and keystone species (i.e. facilitating the facilitators) in reef restoration has the potential to reduce ecological surprises, reduce costs and thereby allow upscaling of restoration efforts. Through extensive field experiments in collaboration with an ongoing reef restoration project in Mkwiro, Kenya, the following three investigations were performed: the identification of herbivorous and corallivorous keystone species and their population dynamics on natural reefs (Chapters 2 & 3), the quantification of benefits and costs associated with herbivorous and corallivorous fish interacting with coral nurseries (Chapters 4 & 5) and the determination of how the impacts of keystone species and the performance of outplanted coral fragments in the first years are influenced by AR design (Chapter 6). This thesis concludes with a general discussion in which the research topics are linked, acquired insights synthesized and perspectives on coral reef restoration given (Chapter 7).Chapter 2 aimed to identify locally important herbivores at six reefs in southern Kenya and empirically quantify their macroalgal removal (i.e. browsing). In addition, the influence of fisheries management on herbivores and their browsing pressure was studied. Video-recorded macroalgae buffet assays were used to identify herbivore species and their browsing activity and these were related to biomass estimates from stationary fish surveys and sea urchins counts. Herbivorous fish biomass was seven-fold higher in no-take zones compared to fished zones and included substantially more browsing unicornfishes and scraping parrotfishes. Macroalgae consumption was nearly three-fold higher in no-take zones and was mainly performed by these larger browsing and scraping herbivorous fishes. In contrast, fished zones with low macroalgae consumption were dominated by damselfishes and sea urchins. This chapter illustrates that fishing restrictions are likely to support reef resilience by increasing the biomass of functionally important herbivorous fishes and their consumption of coral-competing macroalgae.
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