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The Diffusion of Dyes in Cellulose with Reference to Textile Printing.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	The Diffusion of Dyes in Cellulose with Reference to Textile Printing./
作者:	Heritage, Keith John.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (220 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-01, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-01B.
標題:	Textile research. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27519918click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9781085552011

The Diffusion of Dyes in Cellulose with Reference to Textile Printing.
Heritage, Keith John.

The Diffusion of Dyes in Cellulose with Reference to Textile Printing. - 1 online resource (220 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-01, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Manchester (United Kingdom), 1955.

Includes bibliographical references

Measurements have been made of the rate of diffusion of a series of dyes through Cellophane membranes. The controlling effects of (a) electrical forces and (b) adsorption of the dye by the cellulose have been examined separately. The former was studied by taking advantage of the existence of a range of acid dyes (derivatives of naphthyl-azo-β-naphthol) of which individual members have anionic valencies from 1 to 4, and the latter by using dyes of the same valency type but with graded affinities for cellulose. The principal results may be summarized as follows: (1) The diffusion coefficient (calculated from Fick's first law) for dyes which have only a low affinity for cellulose is independent of concentration, except in the most dilute solutions. In this region the diffusion coefficient decreases rapidly as the solution becomes more dilute. (2) The fall in the diffusion coefficient at low concentrations can be qualitatively explained in terms of the electrical potential barriers associated with the fixed charged groups in the cellulose, but a quantitative treatment is still lacking. Crank's theory of the ex-ternal surface potential has been extended to take account of the polyvalency of the dye anions used in these experiments, but it is successful only when applied, arbitrarily, to the potential barriers located inside the cellulose. (3) The retarding effect on diffusion attributed to the electrical potential barriers becomes more pronounced when the carboxyl content of the cellulose. has been increased by oxidation. However, a fivefold increase in the carboxyl content appears to result in only a twofold increase in the surface charge of the cellulose. This may mean that a large part of the total surface charge arises from external factors (e.g., the adsorption of negative ions) which are not affected by the oxidation process. It was also found that oxidation results in an overall reduction in the permeability of the material. (4) The diffusion coefficient of a direct dye is much smaller than that of an acid dye, but increases linearly with concentration. Crank has already demonstrated this linear relation for Chlorazol Sky Blue FF, using the experimental data of Garvie and Neale. It has now been confirmed for two more direct dyes. (5) It is shown that the linear increase of diffusion coefficient with concentration can be quantitatively explained by assuming a Langmuir distribution of the dye inside the cellulose. (6) In the presence of small amounts of pyridine the affinity of the direct dye Chrysophenine G for cellulose is greatly reduced, and the diffusion behaviour then closely resembles that of an acid dye. (7) An analysis of data already published in the literature shows that the diffusion coefficient of a dye is related to its affinity for cellulose (-AGa) by an equation of the form: B = β.e -ΔGa/RT where β is a constant at a given temperature. The present experimental results provide further support for this relation. It was previously used by Majury to describe the diffusion of dyes in cellulose acetate, and implies that movement of a dye molecule through the substrate takes place by repetition of the sequence: (a) internal desorption, (b) diffusion in the pores, and (c) re-adsorption. (8) The acid dye Naphthalene Red J differs from all the other dyes examined in that its diffusion coefficient decreases as the con-centration increases. The affinity of this dye for cellulose is remarkably high, compared with the negligible affinity displayed by the other acid dyes of the same series. Both of these effects may be attributed to the amphipathic properties of the dye molecule. (9) By measurement of the equilibrium absorption of the acid dyes by water-swollen cellulose, it has been shown that, with the exception of Naphthalene Red J, the dyes are distributed between the water and the cellulose in accordance with the Donnan Theory of Membrane Equilibrium. The cellulosic carboxyl groups represent the non-diffusible ions, but only about half of the total number appear to be effective.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9781085552011Subjects--Topical Terms:

2153103
Textile research.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Textile dyesIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

The Diffusion of Dyes in Cellulose with Reference to Textile Printing.
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504 $a Includes bibliographical references
520 $a Measurements have been made of the rate of diffusion of a series of dyes through Cellophane membranes. The controlling effects of (a) electrical forces and (b) adsorption of the dye by the cellulose have been examined separately. The former was studied by taking advantage of the existence of a range of acid dyes (derivatives of naphthyl-azo-β-naphthol) of which individual members have anionic valencies from 1 to 4, and the latter by using dyes of the same valency type but with graded affinities for cellulose. The principal results may be summarized as follows: (1) The diffusion coefficient (calculated from Fick's first law) for dyes which have only a low affinity for cellulose is independent of concentration, except in the most dilute solutions. In this region the diffusion coefficient decreases rapidly as the solution becomes more dilute. (2) The fall in the diffusion coefficient at low concentrations can be qualitatively explained in terms of the electrical potential barriers associated with the fixed charged groups in the cellulose, but a quantitative treatment is still lacking. Crank's theory of the ex-ternal surface potential has been extended to take account of the polyvalency of the dye anions used in these experiments, but it is successful only when applied, arbitrarily, to the potential barriers located inside the cellulose. (3) The retarding effect on diffusion attributed to the electrical potential barriers becomes more pronounced when the carboxyl content of the cellulose. has been increased by oxidation. However, a fivefold increase in the carboxyl content appears to result in only a twofold increase in the surface charge of the cellulose. This may mean that a large part of the total surface charge arises from external factors (e.g., the adsorption of negative ions) which are not affected by the oxidation process. It was also found that oxidation results in an overall reduction in the permeability of the material. (4) The diffusion coefficient of a direct dye is much smaller than that of an acid dye, but increases linearly with concentration. Crank has already demonstrated this linear relation for Chlorazol Sky Blue FF, using the experimental data of Garvie and Neale. It has now been confirmed for two more direct dyes. (5) It is shown that the linear increase of diffusion coefficient with concentration can be quantitatively explained by assuming a Langmuir distribution of the dye inside the cellulose. (6) In the presence of small amounts of pyridine the affinity of the direct dye Chrysophenine G for cellulose is greatly reduced, and the diffusion behaviour then closely resembles that of an acid dye. (7) An analysis of data already published in the literature shows that the diffusion coefficient of a dye is related to its affinity for cellulose (-AGa) by an equation of the form: B = β.e -ΔGa/RT where β is a constant at a given temperature. The present experimental results provide further support for this relation. It was previously used by Majury to describe the diffusion of dyes in cellulose acetate, and implies that movement of a dye molecule through the substrate takes place by repetition of the sequence: (a) internal desorption, (b) diffusion in the pores, and (c) re-adsorption. (8) The acid dye Naphthalene Red J differs from all the other dyes examined in that its diffusion coefficient decreases as the con-centration increases. The affinity of this dye for cellulose is remarkably high, compared with the negligible affinity displayed by the other acid dyes of the same series. Both of these effects may be attributed to the amphipathic properties of the dye molecule. (9) By measurement of the equilibrium absorption of the acid dyes by water-swollen cellulose, it has been shown that, with the exception of Naphthalene Red J, the dyes are distributed between the water and the cellulose in accordance with the Donnan Theory of Membrane Equilibrium. The cellulosic carboxyl groups represent the non-diffusible ions, but only about half of the total number appear to be effective.
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