東華大學圖書館 |

Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems./
作者:	Ridlon, April Danielle.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (138 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 79-10, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International79-10B.
標題:	Ecology. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=10687364click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9780355735833

Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems.
Ridlon, April Danielle.

Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems. - 1 online resource (138 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 79-10, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Santa Barbara, 2017.

Includes bibliographical references

Humans have altered the ocean on a global scale. From large-scale extractive activities such as fishing, to the unintentional introduction and spread of invasive species via shipping vessels, human activities shape marine communities worldwide, having myriad effects on ecosystem functions and resilience. Even recreational activities that are assumed to have lesser impacts, such as SCUBA diving, are intensifying and becoming increasingly concentrated inside marine protected areas. Research into a wide range of direct and obvious human impacts has informed the effective management of marine systems for both conservation goals and human uses. However, understanding the more nuanced pathways for the effects of human disturbance is critical, especially in systems facing multiple stressors, as they may serve to tip the balance between healthy ecosystems and degraded ones. In particular, there is recent and growing evidence that human activities are altering predation risk in marine systems. When humans change the abundance, distribution, or behavior of marine predators, whether through fishing or other forms of disturbance, those changes can ripple through marine ecosystems due to the comparatively large effects that predators have on other trophic levels. Predators exert both consumptive and non-consumptive effects on prey populations, and can thus influence other species interactions and trigger cascades that can result in the fundamental restructuring of marine systems. However, although risk effects have been well studied in terrestrial systems, these effects have been largely neglected in marine systems. In this thesis, I explore two different pathways for the effects of human alteration of predation risk. My first two chapters examine the non-consumptive, or fear effects of recreational spearfishing, diving, and snorkeling to marine fish. My third chapter examines the consumptive effects of an introduced predator on both a native and an invasive prey population, and the dynamics between them. Chapters One and Two: Diver fear effects The ecology of fear is based on evidence demonstrating that predation risk is a strong motivating factor in individual prey behavior, and has consequences at the population, community and ecosystem level. While predator escape theory was developed with natural predators in mind, humans can act as predators (e.g. while fishing) or mimic predators (e.g. while diving). The recent testing of predator escape theory by the measurement of flight initiation distance (FID) - the distance at which a fish flees from approaching diver - represents a promising new avenue for future research on diver fear effects to marine fish and in marine ecosystems. My synthesized review of the available empirical evidence suggested that fish react to divers with increases in vigilance and flight where they are exposed to spearfishers as compared to areas where they are protected from fishing. In contrast, I found that the effects of recreational diving on the flight and vigilance behavior of fish have not been well studied or effectively measured to date. In order to explore the effects of long-term recreational diving on the behavior of a common reef fish, I conducted a series of experiments on reefs in the Cayman Islands where recreational diving activity has been consistent and spearfishing has been banned for decades. By measuring the FID and vigilance behavior of over 250 individual Stoplight Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride), I found evidence for habituation to divers by this species in areas where recreational diving is most concentrated. The near lack of a flight response in fish exposed to chronic diving activity represents the lowest FID recorded for the species in either protected or fished areas elsewhere in the world. The significant decrease in flight and vigilance in individuals in the highly dived area in comparison to those in less frequently dived areas also suggests that the frequency of diving activity drives this response. However, significant declines in the bite rates and frequency of cleaning interactions of individuals in the immediate presence of a diver also suggested that there may be fitness costs associated with recreational diver encounters, even for habituated fish. I therefore used these decreased bite rates to estimate a cumulative cost of daily diver encounters to an individual fish in terms of lost feeding. Where habituation to divers was extreme at my study site, estimated feeding loss for an individual fish was low. For scenarios in which I simulated lower levels of fish habituation and different diver behavior, estimated feeding loss due to diver encounters were much higher. This suggests that the cumulative costs of recreational diver encounters may be significant if, for example, larger flight distances must be maintained due to the occasional or nearby presence of spearfishers. Based on my findings, I make recommendations for future research into the behavioral effects of spearfishing, recreational diving, and the potential interaction of these two activities on the behavior of marine fish. I also...

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9780355735833Subjects--Topical Terms:

516476
Ecology.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Coral reef fishIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems.
LDR:06656nmm a2200433K 4500 001 2357507
005 20230725053459.5
006 m o d
007 cr mn ---uuuuu
008 241011s2017 xx obm 000 0 eng d
020 $a 9780355735833
035 $a (MiAaPQ)AAI10687364
035 $a (MiAaPQ)ucsb:13744
035 $a AAI10687364
040 $a MiAaPQ $b eng $c MiAaPQ $d NTU
100 1 $a Ridlon, April Danielle. $3 3698037
245 1 0 $a Diver Fear Effects and Other Human Alterations of Predation Risk in Marine Systems.
264 0 $c 2017
300 $a 1 online resource (138 pages)
336 $a text $b txt $2 rdacontent
337 $a computer $b c $2 rdamedia
338 $a online resource $b cr $2 rdacarrier
500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 79-10, Section: B.
500 $a Publisher info.: Dissertation/Thesis.
500 $a Advisor: Gaines, Steven D.; Warner, Robert R.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Santa Barbara, 2017.
504 $a Includes bibliographical references
520 $a Humans have altered the ocean on a global scale. From large-scale extractive activities such as fishing, to the unintentional introduction and spread of invasive species via shipping vessels, human activities shape marine communities worldwide, having myriad effects on ecosystem functions and resilience. Even recreational activities that are assumed to have lesser impacts, such as SCUBA diving, are intensifying and becoming increasingly concentrated inside marine protected areas. Research into a wide range of direct and obvious human impacts has informed the effective management of marine systems for both conservation goals and human uses. However, understanding the more nuanced pathways for the effects of human disturbance is critical, especially in systems facing multiple stressors, as they may serve to tip the balance between healthy ecosystems and degraded ones. In particular, there is recent and growing evidence that human activities are altering predation risk in marine systems. When humans change the abundance, distribution, or behavior of marine predators, whether through fishing or other forms of disturbance, those changes can ripple through marine ecosystems due to the comparatively large effects that predators have on other trophic levels. Predators exert both consumptive and non-consumptive effects on prey populations, and can thus influence other species interactions and trigger cascades that can result in the fundamental restructuring of marine systems. However, although risk effects have been well studied in terrestrial systems, these effects have been largely neglected in marine systems. In this thesis, I explore two different pathways for the effects of human alteration of predation risk. My first two chapters examine the non-consumptive, or fear effects of recreational spearfishing, diving, and snorkeling to marine fish. My third chapter examines the consumptive effects of an introduced predator on both a native and an invasive prey population, and the dynamics between them. Chapters One and Two: Diver fear effects The ecology of fear is based on evidence demonstrating that predation risk is a strong motivating factor in individual prey behavior, and has consequences at the population, community and ecosystem level. While predator escape theory was developed with natural predators in mind, humans can act as predators (e.g. while fishing) or mimic predators (e.g. while diving). The recent testing of predator escape theory by the measurement of flight initiation distance (FID) - the distance at which a fish flees from approaching diver - represents a promising new avenue for future research on diver fear effects to marine fish and in marine ecosystems. My synthesized review of the available empirical evidence suggested that fish react to divers with increases in vigilance and flight where they are exposed to spearfishers as compared to areas where they are protected from fishing. In contrast, I found that the effects of recreational diving on the flight and vigilance behavior of fish have not been well studied or effectively measured to date. In order to explore the effects of long-term recreational diving on the behavior of a common reef fish, I conducted a series of experiments on reefs in the Cayman Islands where recreational diving activity has been consistent and spearfishing has been banned for decades. By measuring the FID and vigilance behavior of over 250 individual Stoplight Parrotfish (Sparisoma viride), I found evidence for habituation to divers by this species in areas where recreational diving is most concentrated. The near lack of a flight response in fish exposed to chronic diving activity represents the lowest FID recorded for the species in either protected or fished areas elsewhere in the world. The significant decrease in flight and vigilance in individuals in the highly dived area in comparison to those in less frequently dived areas also suggests that the frequency of diving activity drives this response. However, significant declines in the bite rates and frequency of cleaning interactions of individuals in the immediate presence of a diver also suggested that there may be fitness costs associated with recreational diver encounters, even for habituated fish. I therefore used these decreased bite rates to estimate a cumulative cost of daily diver encounters to an individual fish in terms of lost feeding. Where habituation to divers was extreme at my study site, estimated feeding loss for an individual fish was low. For scenarios in which I simulated lower levels of fish habituation and different diver behavior, estimated feeding loss due to diver encounters were much higher. This suggests that the cumulative costs of recreational diver encounters may be significant if, for example, larger flight distances must be maintained due to the occasional or nearby presence of spearfishers. Based on my findings, I make recommendations for future research into the behavioral effects of spearfishing, recreational diving, and the potential interaction of these two activities on the behavior of marine fish. I also...
533 $a Electronic reproduction. $b Ann Arbor, Mich. : $c ProQuest, $d 2023
538 $a Mode of access: World Wide Web
650 4 $a Ecology. $3 516476
650 4 $a Conservation biology. $3 535736
650 4 $a Environmental science. $3 677245
653 $a Coral reef fish
653 $a Divers
653 $a Fear effects
653 $a Invasive species
653 $a Predation risk
653 $a Spearfishers
655 7 $a Electronic books. $2 lcsh $3 542853
690 $a 0329
690 $a 0408
690 $a 0768
710 2 $a ProQuest Information and Learning Co. $3 783688
710 2 $a University of California, Santa Barbara. $b Ecology, Evolution & Marine Biology. $3 1683731
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 79-10B.
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=10687364 $z click for full text (PQDT)