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GPS Studies of Subtle Deformation Signals in the Western United States.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	GPS Studies of Subtle Deformation Signals in the Western United States./
作者:	Young, Zachary Michael.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (274 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-03, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-03B.
標題:	Geophysics. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29323483click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798351433837

GPS Studies of Subtle Deformation Signals in the Western United States.
Young, Zachary Michael.

GPS Studies of Subtle Deformation Signals in the Western United States. - 1 online resource (274 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-03, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Nevada, Reno, 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

In the past fifteen years, the network of Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in the western United States has dramatically expanded, greatly improving the spatial resolution at which we can resolve geophysical signals. This is particularly important for areas such as the Basin and Range, where data limitations prevented substantial analysis in the past. In addition to improved network geometries, many robust data analysis techniques have been produced, and revised reference frames and data processing strategies have greatly improved data quality. While these advancements have expanded our understanding of long term tectonics in the western United States, they also provide the opportunity to robustly investigate temporally variable, subtle deformation signals. Many of these signals were previously below uncertainty levels of the data, or station coverage was too sparse. The research presented in this dissertation takes advantage of this progress, to advance our understanding of the interaction of subtle deformation signals within the western United States, across a range of spatio-temporal scales. The first study investigates drought induced deformation observed at GPS stations near the Great Salt Lake (GSL), in Utah, between 2012 and 2016. During this time, GPS timeseries show a subtle, but distinct, three-dimensional change in trend, with horizontal motion away from the lake and vertical uplift centered upon it. Concurrently, GSL lost a total of 1.89 m of surface elevation. Previous hydrologic studies have typically only used vertical GPS displacements to quantify load variation over broad, regional scales. Here, we find that at small spatial scales, three-dimensional GPS is sensitive to not just the unloading of the lake, but the nearby groundwater as well. In our preferred model, the volume lost by GSL is equivalent to that observed, at 5.5 ± 1.0 km3, and the inferred groundwater is substantial at 10.9 ± 2.8 km3. Seismicity is modulated by the hydrologic cycle within the inferred load region, revealing increased earthquake rates during drier periods as stresses on faults under the loads are reduced. This study highlights the impact of subtle, multi-year, drought signals on GPS time series, and indicates, that for robust regional analyses, small scale hydrologic loading must be accounted for. In the second study, we focus on correcting subtle deformation signals within the central Basin and Range, and produce the most robust interseismic velocity field of the region to date. Since deformation rates are low, the combined corrections produced in this study for postseismic deformation, hydrologic loading, and regional common mode error, substantially alter the velocity field and resulting strain rates. Station uncertainties reduce by 62.1% and 53.8% in the east and north components, compared to the original velocity field. The Pahranagat Shear Zone is strongly affected by postseismic relaxation, which accounts for as much as half the shear along its western extent. We find that east-west extension across the Las Vegas Valley is substantially larger than previously estimated at 0.5 - 0.6 mm/yr and our preferred strain rates within the Las Vegas Valley are 8.5 ± 2.4 x10−9yr−1, supporting that crustal deformation is active within the urban area of Las Vegas. These results show in detail the significant impact that subtle deformation signals impart on regional analyses and their interpretation. Positioning errors present in five-minute GPS time series propagate subtly into the daily position of the station. In the final study, we produce a sensitivity analysis of the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) random walk constraint, and show that station vertical scatter can be greatly improved by loosening its value. We find that large wavelike displacements of ~100 mm, which occurred along the coast of California during Winter Storm Ezekiel in 2019, are suppressed when using a random walk constraint of 24 mm/√(hr) (i.e., eight times looser than the default value). Global station RMS and repeatability shows improvements of 4% - 9% and 10% - 21% respectively, when using uniform random walk constraints of 6 - 12 mm/√(hr). Further improvement is attained when defining characteristic random walk constraints to the stations, with a 10% improvement in repeatability globally. A daily optimal random walk approach reveals 24% improvement in global station repeatability. These findings reveal an opportunity to greatly improve five-minute vertical positioning, not just for stations in the western United States during storms, but for the global GPS network as a whole, by loosening the ZTD random walk constraint at least to a value of 6 mm/√(hr).

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798351433837Subjects--Topical Terms:

535228
Geophysics.
Subjects--Index Terms:

GeodesyIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

GPS Studies of Subtle Deformation Signals in the Western United States.
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520 $a In the past fifteen years, the network of Global Positioning System (GPS) stations in the western United States has dramatically expanded, greatly improving the spatial resolution at which we can resolve geophysical signals. This is particularly important for areas such as the Basin and Range, where data limitations prevented substantial analysis in the past. In addition to improved network geometries, many robust data analysis techniques have been produced, and revised reference frames and data processing strategies have greatly improved data quality. While these advancements have expanded our understanding of long term tectonics in the western United States, they also provide the opportunity to robustly investigate temporally variable, subtle deformation signals. Many of these signals were previously below uncertainty levels of the data, or station coverage was too sparse. The research presented in this dissertation takes advantage of this progress, to advance our understanding of the interaction of subtle deformation signals within the western United States, across a range of spatio-temporal scales. The first study investigates drought induced deformation observed at GPS stations near the Great Salt Lake (GSL), in Utah, between 2012 and 2016. During this time, GPS timeseries show a subtle, but distinct, three-dimensional change in trend, with horizontal motion away from the lake and vertical uplift centered upon it. Concurrently, GSL lost a total of 1.89 m of surface elevation. Previous hydrologic studies have typically only used vertical GPS displacements to quantify load variation over broad, regional scales. Here, we find that at small spatial scales, three-dimensional GPS is sensitive to not just the unloading of the lake, but the nearby groundwater as well. In our preferred model, the volume lost by GSL is equivalent to that observed, at 5.5 ± 1.0 km3, and the inferred groundwater is substantial at 10.9 ± 2.8 km3. Seismicity is modulated by the hydrologic cycle within the inferred load region, revealing increased earthquake rates during drier periods as stresses on faults under the loads are reduced. This study highlights the impact of subtle, multi-year, drought signals on GPS time series, and indicates, that for robust regional analyses, small scale hydrologic loading must be accounted for. In the second study, we focus on correcting subtle deformation signals within the central Basin and Range, and produce the most robust interseismic velocity field of the region to date. Since deformation rates are low, the combined corrections produced in this study for postseismic deformation, hydrologic loading, and regional common mode error, substantially alter the velocity field and resulting strain rates. Station uncertainties reduce by 62.1% and 53.8% in the east and north components, compared to the original velocity field. The Pahranagat Shear Zone is strongly affected by postseismic relaxation, which accounts for as much as half the shear along its western extent. We find that east-west extension across the Las Vegas Valley is substantially larger than previously estimated at 0.5 - 0.6 mm/yr and our preferred strain rates within the Las Vegas Valley are 8.5 ± 2.4 x10−9yr−1, supporting that crustal deformation is active within the urban area of Las Vegas. These results show in detail the significant impact that subtle deformation signals impart on regional analyses and their interpretation. Positioning errors present in five-minute GPS time series propagate subtly into the daily position of the station. In the final study, we produce a sensitivity analysis of the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) random walk constraint, and show that station vertical scatter can be greatly improved by loosening its value. We find that large wavelike displacements of ~100 mm, which occurred along the coast of California during Winter Storm Ezekiel in 2019, are suppressed when using a random walk constraint of 24 mm/√(hr) (i.e., eight times looser than the default value). Global station RMS and repeatability shows improvements of 4% - 9% and 10% - 21% respectively, when using uniform random walk constraints of 6 - 12 mm/√(hr). Further improvement is attained when defining characteristic random walk constraints to the stations, with a 10% improvement in repeatability globally. A daily optimal random walk approach reveals 24% improvement in global station repeatability. These findings reveal an opportunity to greatly improve five-minute vertical positioning, not just for stations in the western United States during storms, but for the global GPS network as a whole, by loosening the ZTD random walk constraint at least to a value of 6 mm/√(hr).
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