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Long-Term Impacts of a Freshwater Oil Spill on an Aquatic Turtle Species.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Long-Term Impacts of a Freshwater Oil Spill on an Aquatic Turtle Species./
作者:	Otten, Joshua G.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (143 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-02, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-02B.
標題:	Zoology. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29373724click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798837537653

Long-Term Impacts of a Freshwater Oil Spill on an Aquatic Turtle Species.
Otten, Joshua G.

Long-Term Impacts of a Freshwater Oil Spill on an Aquatic Turtle Species. - 1 online resource (143 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-02, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The University of Toledo, 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

The adverse effects of oil spill disasters on wildlife populations often include mass mortalities and widespread oiling of large numbers of individuals. While these incidents are highly visible and well documented, chronic, long-term impacts on vertebrate species may often persist after the initial oil exposure due to lingering toxins in the environment. These chronic effects may often exceed the short-term impacts caused by initial oil exposure. Additionally, emergency spill response, cleanup operations, and mitigation measures may have additional impacts on populations exposed to oil spills. Species that have long lifespans, late age maturation, and low recruitment rates are particularly vulnerable to population-level impacts if oil spills, and subsequent cleanup operation cause an increase in mortality.Regarding the effects of oils spills in freshwater ecosystems, very little is known in comparison to marine ecosystems. In particular, almost nothing is known about the impacts on freshwater organisms? exposure to diluted bitumen (dilbit) oil. To date, most data on the effects of dilbit on free-ranging freshwater organisms were collected in relation to one of the largest inland oil spills in United States history, the Kalamazoo River oil spill, which spilled between 3 and 4.5 million L of dilbit in Calhoun and Kalamazoo counties, Michigan, impacting 56 km of the Kalamazoo River and the species within. Of the vertebrate species known to have been oiled during the Kalamazoo River oil spill, northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) were the most observed oiled animal.As a result of the Kalamazoo River oil spill, extensive effort occurred in 2010 and 2011 to clean and restore the freshwater ecosystem impacted by the spill. During 2010, this included the capture, cleaning, rehabilitating, and releasing of more than 2,000 northern map turtles. In 2010, we documented a nearly 6% direct mortality rate (i.e., individuals captured dead, died in care, or transferred to a permanent rehabilitation center as a result of injuries suffered) of sexable northern map turtles. During 2019 and 2020 we captured turtles within the Kalamazoo River to evaluate changes in the estimated number of individuals in the population, demographics, and size classes nine to ten years after the spill. I found that the estimated number of male northern map turtles decreased by over 30% between 2010 and 2011, while the number of females decreased by nearly 40% between 2011 and 2019. A decrease in the mean size of northern map turtle males and females occurred between 2011 and 2019, due in part to increased recruitment and capture of individuals less than 5 years of age in 2019. Fewer 8?12-year-old females were captured in 2019 and 2020, a result of potentially losing a large portion of a generation during the 2010 oil spill. This was evident in that 2% of captures in 2010 were less than 2 years of age, while in subsequent years of survey these age classes made up of over 20% of individuals captured. These data suggest that beyond the direct mortality of the spill, shifts in the estimated number of northern map turtles and size class distribution are likely indicative of negative impacts incurred following the 2010 oil spill and resulting cleanup.During cleanup efforts following the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill, over 1,000 individuals spent at least one night in a rehabilitation facility to have any oil removed. Rehabilitation is often used to mitigate the adverse effects of oil spills on wildlife; however, limited post-release monitoring studies have been conducted to quantify survival of rehabilitated animals. Utilizing mark-recapture data collected from northern map turtles in 2010, 2011, and 2018-2021 I evaluated the effectiveness of turtle rehabilitation following the Kalamazoo River oil spill. To do this I compared monthly survival rates of turtles that were either ?non-rehab? (i.e., turtles captured in the field with no oil or <2% body oil, that were cleaned, marked, and released at the point of capture), ?rehab? (i.e., any individual that spent at least one night in the rehabilitation facility, marked, and released within 1 km of its original capture location in 2010), or ?overwintered? (i.e., turtle that were still requiring cleaning or medical assistance in mid-October 2010, so they could not be safely released during 2010, and were kept during the winter at normal summer temps, and released spring 2011 at their point of capture) during 2010. I compared monthly survival rates for the three rehab types for the period of time 1-14 months after the spill and 8-11 years after the spill. I found that rehabilitated or overwintered turtles had a higher probability of survival 1-14 months post-spill than non-rehabilitated turtles; however, 8-11 years post-spill the among-group differences in monthly survival probability had become negligible.Finally, as an emergency mitigation strategy because of the oil spill, nearly 700 marked northern map turtles were translocated to similar habitat connected via river or creek channel. These were turtles that had gone through the rehabilitation process and were healthy, free of oil, and cleared by a licensed veterinarian for release. Because oil remained or cleanup work was occurring at or near their original capture locations, these individuals were translocated to potentially unfamiliar locations. To determine the distance of translocation which would be considered potentially unfamiliar locations, I conducted a home range study in 2019 on male and female northern map turtles within the Kalamazoo River. We found no difference in 95% and 50% kernel density estimated home ranges among turtles from an area of the Kalamazoo River that had been heavily oiled in 2010, an area of the Kalamazoo River that had been lightly oiled, and a tributary that had never been oiled. I did find that the stream home range of female northern map turtles in the heavily oiled area of the river were significantly smaller than those from the non-oiled site, potentially a result of females traveling further to find suitable nest locations. Finally, as part of this study, I determined the mean stream home range of male northern map turtles within the Kalamazoo River to be 2.4 km long while females were 4.6 km.Based on stream home calculations, 686 northern map turtles were captured from oil-impacted stretches of the Kalamazoo River, cleaned, rehabilitated, and translocated 2.5?84.3 km from their original capture location. The goal of the translocation was to release turtles within the same watershed, but away from ongoing operation so that individuals could potentially return to their original home range after it had been cleaned of oil and restored. I evaluated the success of translocation as an emergency mitigation strategy for freshwater turtles by quantifying recapture probability and homing by northern map turtles translocated varying distances away from their home ranges. During subsequent years of survey up to 10 years post-spill, 230 of the translocated turtles were recaptured, of which 104 exhibited homing by returning to their original home ranges. Turtles translocated to sites nearest their original capture location had a higher probability of recapture and homing than those translocated further away. Females had a higher probability of returning to original home ranges than males when translocate greater distances. In addition, four females and one male are known to have traveled >50 km between capture locations, which to my knowledge is the greatest travel distance recorded for any freshwater turtle species in the U.S. My results demonstrate that riverine turtles have considerable homing ability when displaced long distances, which has important implications for design and success of translocation projects.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798837537653Subjects--Topical Terms:

518878
Zoology.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Anthropogenic impactsIndex Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Long-Term Impacts of a Freshwater Oil Spill on an Aquatic Turtle Species.
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520 $a The adverse effects of oil spill disasters on wildlife populations often include mass mortalities and widespread oiling of large numbers of individuals. While these incidents are highly visible and well documented, chronic, long-term impacts on vertebrate species may often persist after the initial oil exposure due to lingering toxins in the environment. These chronic effects may often exceed the short-term impacts caused by initial oil exposure. Additionally, emergency spill response, cleanup operations, and mitigation measures may have additional impacts on populations exposed to oil spills. Species that have long lifespans, late age maturation, and low recruitment rates are particularly vulnerable to population-level impacts if oil spills, and subsequent cleanup operation cause an increase in mortality.Regarding the effects of oils spills in freshwater ecosystems, very little is known in comparison to marine ecosystems. In particular, almost nothing is known about the impacts on freshwater organisms? exposure to diluted bitumen (dilbit) oil. To date, most data on the effects of dilbit on free-ranging freshwater organisms were collected in relation to one of the largest inland oil spills in United States history, the Kalamazoo River oil spill, which spilled between 3 and 4.5 million L of dilbit in Calhoun and Kalamazoo counties, Michigan, impacting 56 km of the Kalamazoo River and the species within. Of the vertebrate species known to have been oiled during the Kalamazoo River oil spill, northern map turtles (Graptemys geographica) were the most observed oiled animal.As a result of the Kalamazoo River oil spill, extensive effort occurred in 2010 and 2011 to clean and restore the freshwater ecosystem impacted by the spill. During 2010, this included the capture, cleaning, rehabilitating, and releasing of more than 2,000 northern map turtles. In 2010, we documented a nearly 6% direct mortality rate (i.e., individuals captured dead, died in care, or transferred to a permanent rehabilitation center as a result of injuries suffered) of sexable northern map turtles. During 2019 and 2020 we captured turtles within the Kalamazoo River to evaluate changes in the estimated number of individuals in the population, demographics, and size classes nine to ten years after the spill. I found that the estimated number of male northern map turtles decreased by over 30% between 2010 and 2011, while the number of females decreased by nearly 40% between 2011 and 2019. A decrease in the mean size of northern map turtle males and females occurred between 2011 and 2019, due in part to increased recruitment and capture of individuals less than 5 years of age in 2019. Fewer 8?12-year-old females were captured in 2019 and 2020, a result of potentially losing a large portion of a generation during the 2010 oil spill. This was evident in that 2% of captures in 2010 were less than 2 years of age, while in subsequent years of survey these age classes made up of over 20% of individuals captured. These data suggest that beyond the direct mortality of the spill, shifts in the estimated number of northern map turtles and size class distribution are likely indicative of negative impacts incurred following the 2010 oil spill and resulting cleanup.During cleanup efforts following the 2010 Kalamazoo River oil spill, over 1,000 individuals spent at least one night in a rehabilitation facility to have any oil removed. Rehabilitation is often used to mitigate the adverse effects of oil spills on wildlife; however, limited post-release monitoring studies have been conducted to quantify survival of rehabilitated animals. Utilizing mark-recapture data collected from northern map turtles in 2010, 2011, and 2018-2021 I evaluated the effectiveness of turtle rehabilitation following the Kalamazoo River oil spill. To do this I compared monthly survival rates of turtles that were either ?non-rehab? (i.e., turtles captured in the field with no oil or <2% body oil, that were cleaned, marked, and released at the point of capture), ?rehab? (i.e., any individual that spent at least one night in the rehabilitation facility, marked, and released within 1 km of its original capture location in 2010), or ?overwintered? (i.e., turtle that were still requiring cleaning or medical assistance in mid-October 2010, so they could not be safely released during 2010, and were kept during the winter at normal summer temps, and released spring 2011 at their point of capture) during 2010. I compared monthly survival rates for the three rehab types for the period of time 1-14 months after the spill and 8-11 years after the spill. I found that rehabilitated or overwintered turtles had a higher probability of survival 1-14 months post-spill than non-rehabilitated turtles; however, 8-11 years post-spill the among-group differences in monthly survival probability had become negligible.Finally, as an emergency mitigation strategy because of the oil spill, nearly 700 marked northern map turtles were translocated to similar habitat connected via river or creek channel. These were turtles that had gone through the rehabilitation process and were healthy, free of oil, and cleared by a licensed veterinarian for release. Because oil remained or cleanup work was occurring at or near their original capture locations, these individuals were translocated to potentially unfamiliar locations. To determine the distance of translocation which would be considered potentially unfamiliar locations, I conducted a home range study in 2019 on male and female northern map turtles within the Kalamazoo River. We found no difference in 95% and 50% kernel density estimated home ranges among turtles from an area of the Kalamazoo River that had been heavily oiled in 2010, an area of the Kalamazoo River that had been lightly oiled, and a tributary that had never been oiled. I did find that the stream home range of female northern map turtles in the heavily oiled area of the river were significantly smaller than those from the non-oiled site, potentially a result of females traveling further to find suitable nest locations. Finally, as part of this study, I determined the mean stream home range of male northern map turtles within the Kalamazoo River to be 2.4 km long while females were 4.6 km.Based on stream home calculations, 686 northern map turtles were captured from oil-impacted stretches of the Kalamazoo River, cleaned, rehabilitated, and translocated 2.5?84.3 km from their original capture location. The goal of the translocation was to release turtles within the same watershed, but away from ongoing operation so that individuals could potentially return to their original home range after it had been cleaned of oil and restored. I evaluated the success of translocation as an emergency mitigation strategy for freshwater turtles by quantifying recapture probability and homing by northern map turtles translocated varying distances away from their home ranges. During subsequent years of survey up to 10 years post-spill, 230 of the translocated turtles were recaptured, of which 104 exhibited homing by returning to their original home ranges. Turtles translocated to sites nearest their original capture location had a higher probability of recapture and homing than those translocated further away. Females had a higher probability of returning to original home ranges than males when translocate greater distances. In addition, four females and one male are known to have traveled >50 km between capture locations, which to my knowledge is the greatest travel distance recorded for any freshwater turtle species in the U.S. My results demonstrate that riverine turtles have considerable homing ability when displaced long distances, which has important implications for design and success of translocation projects.
520 $a Overall, these studies provide details on changes a population of northern map turtles underwent 10 years after a catastrophic diluted bitumen oil spill, specifically evaluating emergency response mitigation strategies such as rehabilitation and translocation.
533 $a Electronic reproduction. $b Ann Arbor, Mich. : $c ProQuest, $d 2023
538 $a Mode of access: World Wide Web
650 4 $a Zoology. $3 518878
650 4 $a Ecology. $3 516476
650 4 $a Toxicology. $3 556884
650 4 $a Aquatic sciences. $3 3174300
650 4 $a Wildlife management. $3 571816
650 4 $a Environmental studies. $3 2122803
650 4 $a Wildlife conservation. $2 fast $3 542165
653 $a Anthropogenic impacts
653 $a Freshwater
653 $a Northern map turtle
653 $a Graptemys geographica
653 $a Kalamazoo River
655 7 $a Electronic books. $2 lcsh $3 542853
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690 $a 0286
690 $a 0472
690 $a 0792
690 $a 0329
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710 2 $a The University of Toledo. $b Biology (Ecology). $3 3173799
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 84-02B.
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29373724 $z click for full text (PQDT)