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Precision Navigation of Miniaturized Distributed Space Systems Using Gnss.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Precision Navigation of Miniaturized Distributed Space Systems Using Gnss./
作者:	Giralo, Vincent Paul.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2021,
面頁冊數:	165 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International83-05B.
標題:	Receivers & amplifiers. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28812917
ISBN:	9798494455949

Precision Navigation of Miniaturized Distributed Space Systems Using Gnss.
Giralo, Vincent Paul.

Precision Navigation of Miniaturized Distributed Space Systems Using Gnss. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2021 - 165 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Stanford University, 2021.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

The way humans conduct spaceflight is being revolutionized by two key trends. The first trend is the distribution of payload tasks among multiple coordinated units, referred to as distributed space systems (DSS), which allow for advances in planetary science, astronomy and astrophysics, and space infrastructure and development. The second is spacecraft miniaturization, where micro- and nanosatellites are transitioning from being merely educational tools to a viable scientific platform. With large swarms of satellites performing challenging tasks, autonomous precision navigation in real time is required to meet mission objectives. The most ubiquitous method for on-orbit spacecraft navigation is global navigation satellite systems (GNSS), where plug-and-play receivers provide a lowcost metrology system. However, to achieve the utmost navigation precision that enables advanced science missions, complex differential GNSS (dGNSS) techniques are required, placing a burden on an on-board navigation system. This dissertation presents the design and validation of a navigation methodology for nanosatellite swarms that provides on-board precision navigation solutions in real time using dGNSS, combining the precision from ground-operated navigation systems with the timeliness of on-board payloads. This methodology is framed in the context of a new payload for DSS, the Distributed Multi-GNSS Timing and Localization (DiGiTaL) system. DiGiTaL provides nanosatellite swarms with unprecedented centimeter-level navigation accuracy in real time and nanosecond-level time synchronization through the integration of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware with a 0.5U CubeSat form factor. To help meet the strict navigation requirements of future miniaturized DSS, DiGiTaL exploits powerful error-cancelling combinations of synchronous GNSS carrier-phase measurements which are exchanged between the swarming nanosatellites through a peer-to-peer decentralized network. Unfortunately, the algorithms required for precise relative orbit determination are computationally complex and have never been demonstrated on-orbit between a pair of receivers, let alone an entire swarm. To mitigate this, DiGiTaL uses a divide-and-conquer strategy, where a large swarm is divided into small, local subsets of two to three spacecraft. Within each subset, dGNSS-based precise orbit determination provides centimeter-level relative positioning by leveraging carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution (IAR). The subset orbit estimates from each instance of DiGiTaL are then shared with the rest of the swarm and fused, creating relative estimates between any two spacecraft in the system. DiGiTaL is validated in a new GNSS testbed at Stanford University. The GNSS and Radiofrequency Testbed for Autonomous Navigation of DSS (GRAND) is designed to verify algorithms and avionics in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) environment, mimicking on-orbit scenarios as realistically as possible. A high-fidelity orbit propagator simulates orbit trajectories by numerically integrating the equations of motion with a full-force model. Using this ground truth, GNSS measurements are generated in one of two ways. First, an IFEN GNSS signal simulator creates radiofrequency (RF) signals that stimulate a physical GNSS receiver. Alternatively, a software receiver emulator takes the ground truth to model the measurements faster than real time for rapid prototyping and development. The measurements, regardless of generation method, are input into the navigation software, running either in MATLAB/Simulink or on a CubeSat microprocessor. In the presence of control maneuvers, a cold-gas propulsion emulator generates control accelerations to feed back into the orbit propagator. The first experiment with DiGiTaL uses this testbed to simulate a swarm of six spacecraft, showing sub-centimeter relative positioning precision. The first in-flight demonstration of the new navigation system is scheduled in 2022 on the Demonstration with Nanosatellites of Autonomous Rendezvous and Formation-Flying (DWARF) mission, where DiGiTaL will be part of a dedicated guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) payload. The goal of the DWARF mission is to demonstrate advancements in relative navigation and control to meet the needs of future ambitious DSS. DWARF consists of two identical and autonomous 3U CubeSats in sun-synchronous low Earth orbit (LEO). This dissertation presents the development of the navigation subsystem, implementing DiGiTaL into the full GNC payload, complete with system interfacing. DWARF is validated in two separate experiments that demonstrate DiGiTaL's capability to handle control maneuvers and operate in both near-circular and eccentric orbits. This dissertation culminates in the application of DiGiTaL to two upcoming science missions, where it is considered a mission-enabling technology. The first is the Virtual Super-resolution Optics with Reconfigurable Swarms mission (VISORS), a pair of CubeSats designed to obtain highresolution images of active solar regions in the extreme ultraviolet spectrum. To perform these observations at a nominal separation of 40 m, VISORS requires high precision control, and therefore requires navigation with even higher precision. This mission poses a challenge for DiGiTaL due to the required precision in the presence of frequent control maneuvers. The second mission that DiGiTaL is scheduled to fly on is the Miniaturized Distributed Occulter/Telescope (mDOT) mission, which consists of a SmallSat starshade that will block out the light from a target star to allow the CubeSat telescope to image exoplanets and exozodiacal dust. The two spacecraft orbit with nominal separations of 500 km, where the dGNSS assumptions begin to break down. An augmented variation of DiGiTaL is applied to this more general case and demonstrated in GRAND to meet the navigation requirements of mDOT while still performing in real time.

ISBN: 9798494455949Subjects--Topical Terms:

3559205
Receivers & amplifiers.

Precision Navigation of Miniaturized Distributed Space Systems Using Gnss.
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However, to achieve the utmost navigation precision that enables advanced science missions, complex differential GNSS (dGNSS) techniques are required, placing a burden on an on-board navigation system. This dissertation presents the design and validation of a navigation methodology for nanosatellite swarms that provides on-board precision navigation solutions in real time using dGNSS, combining the precision from ground-operated navigation systems with the timeliness of on-board payloads. This methodology is framed in the context of a new payload for DSS, the Distributed Multi-GNSS Timing and Localization (DiGiTaL) system. DiGiTaL provides nanosatellite swarms with unprecedented centimeter-level navigation accuracy in real time and nanosecond-level time synchronization through the integration of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) hardware with a 0.5U CubeSat form factor. To help meet the strict navigation requirements of future miniaturized DSS, DiGiTaL exploits powerful error-cancelling combinations of synchronous GNSS carrier-phase measurements which are exchanged between the swarming nanosatellites through a peer-to-peer decentralized network. Unfortunately, the algorithms required for precise relative orbit determination are computationally complex and have never been demonstrated on-orbit between a pair of receivers, let alone an entire swarm. To mitigate this, DiGiTaL uses a divide-and-conquer strategy, where a large swarm is divided into small, local subsets of two to three spacecraft. Within each subset, dGNSS-based precise orbit determination provides centimeter-level relative positioning by leveraging carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution (IAR). The subset orbit estimates from each instance of DiGiTaL are then shared with the rest of the swarm and fused, creating relative estimates between any two spacecraft in the system. DiGiTaL is validated in a new GNSS testbed at Stanford University. The GNSS and Radiofrequency Testbed for Autonomous Navigation of DSS (GRAND) is designed to verify algorithms and avionics in a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) environment, mimicking on-orbit scenarios as realistically as possible. A high-fidelity orbit propagator simulates orbit trajectories by numerically integrating the equations of motion with a full-force model. Using this ground truth, GNSS measurements are generated in one of two ways. First, an IFEN GNSS signal simulator creates radiofrequency (RF) signals that stimulate a physical GNSS receiver. Alternatively, a software receiver emulator takes the ground truth to model the measurements faster than real time for rapid prototyping and development. The measurements, regardless of generation method, are input into the navigation software, running either in MATLAB/Simulink or on a CubeSat microprocessor. In the presence of control maneuvers, a cold-gas propulsion emulator generates control accelerations to feed back into the orbit propagator. The first experiment with DiGiTaL uses this testbed to simulate a swarm of six spacecraft, showing sub-centimeter relative positioning precision. The first in-flight demonstration of the new navigation system is scheduled in 2022 on the Demonstration with Nanosatellites of Autonomous Rendezvous and Formation-Flying (DWARF) mission, where DiGiTaL will be part of a dedicated guidance, navigation, and control (GNC) payload. The goal of the DWARF mission is to demonstrate advancements in relative navigation and control to meet the needs of future ambitious DSS. DWARF consists of two identical and autonomous 3U CubeSats in sun-synchronous low Earth orbit (LEO). This dissertation presents the development of the navigation subsystem, implementing DiGiTaL into the full GNC payload, complete with system interfacing. DWARF is validated in two separate experiments that demonstrate DiGiTaL's capability to handle control maneuvers and operate in both near-circular and eccentric orbits. This dissertation culminates in the application of DiGiTaL to two upcoming science missions, where it is considered a mission-enabling technology. The first is the Virtual Super-resolution Optics with Reconfigurable Swarms mission (VISORS), a pair of CubeSats designed to obtain highresolution images of active solar regions in the extreme ultraviolet spectrum. To perform these observations at a nominal separation of 40 m, VISORS requires high precision control, and therefore requires navigation with even higher precision. This mission poses a challenge for DiGiTaL due to the required precision in the presence of frequent control maneuvers. The second mission that DiGiTaL is scheduled to fly on is the Miniaturized Distributed Occulter/Telescope (mDOT) mission, which consists of a SmallSat starshade that will block out the light from a target star to allow the CubeSat telescope to image exoplanets and exozodiacal dust. The two spacecraft orbit with nominal separations of 500 km, where the dGNSS assumptions begin to break down. An augmented variation of DiGiTaL is applied to this more general case and demonstrated in GRAND to meet the navigation requirements of mDOT while still performing in real time.
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