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Functional Specialization of Phonological Perception: How Bilingualism Modifies Neural Organization.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Functional Specialization of Phonological Perception: How Bilingualism Modifies Neural Organization./
作者:	Cheung, Shirley M.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2020,
面頁冊數:	215 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International82-05B.
標題:	Language. -
電子資源:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28277385
ISBN:	9798691264658

Functional Specialization of Phonological Perception: How Bilingualism Modifies Neural Organization.
Cheung, Shirley M.

Functional Specialization of Phonological Perception: How Bilingualism Modifies Neural Organization. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2020 - 215 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Lancaster University (United Kingdom), 2020.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

It is commonly known that infants undergo perceptual narrowing within the first year of life, where the universal perception of all speech sounds becomes attuned to the native language by 12 months of age. Most of this knowledge has come from studies of monolingual infants, however, over half of the world's children are born into families that use a second language, and the effects of acquiring two phonological systems on perceptual development has not been thoroughly investigated. It is possible that the onset of perceptual narrowing for bilingual infants might occur later than monolinguals due to having to learn information from two separate and possibly overlapping phonological systems. As a result, bilinguals might retain flexibility in non-native phonemic processing while their monolingual peers have already attuned to the native language. This occurrence is referred to as the Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis, and to investigate this, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the brain regions associated with native and non-native phonemic processing in English monolingual and Mandarin-English bilingual infants and adults. The stimuli used for the current series of studies comprised of minimal word-pair contrasts from English (consonant), Mandarin (lexical tone), and Hindi (dental/retroflex) languages. Chapter 3 assessed monolingual and bilingual adults to provide an initial framework of neural activation to the three contrasts and whether language experience functionally modulated cortical structures in adulthood. From actively listening to the Hindi contrast, monolinguals and bilinguals recruited different brain regions to process the non-native contrast. It is possible that language experience influences the recruitment of executive brain regions to manipulate perceptual information. In Chapter 4, we tested a sample of younger monolingual infants between 5 and 7 months of age to assess brain activation patterns during universal phonological perception. Our results showed that there were no differences in brain activation patterns across all languages, and that neural activity was uniformly localized in the left inferior parietal cortex (sensorimotor interface) and the right superior temporal cortex. These neurophysiological findings complement previous behavioral research by demonstrating that infants at 5-7 months of age perceive phonological information on a universal, acoustic basis. The sensorimotor aspect of speech perception at that age is discussed. Following this, Chapter 5 investigated 10-12-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants to assess whether bilingualism prolongs the onset of perceptual narrowing (i.e. the Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis). We expected that only bilinguals would exhibit flexibility in speech perception by remaining able to discriminate the non-native phonemic contrast at this age. We were able to confirm our hypothesis by finding that bilinguals showed significant differential activation to Hindi in the left inferior frontal cortex. Lastly, Chapter 6 compared brain activation between younger and older monolingual infants from Chapters 4 and 5 to assess developmental changes in brain activation during phonological processing across the first year of life. The exploratory nature of the work presented in this thesis shows how acquiring two phonological systems from birth affects phonemic perception across infancy and in adulthood. Whereas monolingual and bilingual infants use the same cognitive resources to acquire language, bilinguals need to allocate their limited resources across two language systems. The present research stands as a demonstration for the complexities of dual language acquisition that bilingual infants may face, and how it can affect the recruitment of cortical regions during the perception of phonological units.

ISBN: 9798691264658Subjects--Topical Terms:

643551
Language.
Subjects--Index Terms:

bilingualism

Functional Specialization of Phonological Perception: How Bilingualism Modifies Neural Organization.
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500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-05, Section: B.
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506 $a This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
520 $a It is commonly known that infants undergo perceptual narrowing within the first year of life, where the universal perception of all speech sounds becomes attuned to the native language by 12 months of age. Most of this knowledge has come from studies of monolingual infants, however, over half of the world's children are born into families that use a second language, and the effects of acquiring two phonological systems on perceptual development has not been thoroughly investigated. It is possible that the onset of perceptual narrowing for bilingual infants might occur later than monolinguals due to having to learn information from two separate and possibly overlapping phonological systems. As a result, bilinguals might retain flexibility in non-native phonemic processing while their monolingual peers have already attuned to the native language. This occurrence is referred to as the Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis, and to investigate this, we used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to explore the brain regions associated with native and non-native phonemic processing in English monolingual and Mandarin-English bilingual infants and adults. The stimuli used for the current series of studies comprised of minimal word-pair contrasts from English (consonant), Mandarin (lexical tone), and Hindi (dental/retroflex) languages. Chapter 3 assessed monolingual and bilingual adults to provide an initial framework of neural activation to the three contrasts and whether language experience functionally modulated cortical structures in adulthood. From actively listening to the Hindi contrast, monolinguals and bilinguals recruited different brain regions to process the non-native contrast. It is possible that language experience influences the recruitment of executive brain regions to manipulate perceptual information. In Chapter 4, we tested a sample of younger monolingual infants between 5 and 7 months of age to assess brain activation patterns during universal phonological perception. Our results showed that there were no differences in brain activation patterns across all languages, and that neural activity was uniformly localized in the left inferior parietal cortex (sensorimotor interface) and the right superior temporal cortex. These neurophysiological findings complement previous behavioral research by demonstrating that infants at 5-7 months of age perceive phonological information on a universal, acoustic basis. The sensorimotor aspect of speech perception at that age is discussed. Following this, Chapter 5 investigated 10-12-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants to assess whether bilingualism prolongs the onset of perceptual narrowing (i.e. the Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis). We expected that only bilinguals would exhibit flexibility in speech perception by remaining able to discriminate the non-native phonemic contrast at this age. We were able to confirm our hypothesis by finding that bilinguals showed significant differential activation to Hindi in the left inferior frontal cortex. Lastly, Chapter 6 compared brain activation between younger and older monolingual infants from Chapters 4 and 5 to assess developmental changes in brain activation during phonological processing across the first year of life. The exploratory nature of the work presented in this thesis shows how acquiring two phonological systems from birth affects phonemic perception across infancy and in adulthood. Whereas monolingual and bilingual infants use the same cognitive resources to acquire language, bilinguals need to allocate their limited resources across two language systems. The present research stands as a demonstration for the complexities of dual language acquisition that bilingual infants may face, and how it can affect the recruitment of cortical regions during the perception of phonological units.
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