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Reproductive Parameters, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Disease Prevalence in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Across North Carolina.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Reproductive Parameters, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Disease Prevalence in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Across North Carolina./
作者:	Sanders, Charles William, II.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2019,
面頁冊數:	121 p.
附註:	Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 81-11.
Contained By:	Masters Abstracts International81-11.
標題:	Ecology. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27814921
ISBN:	9781658411349

Reproductive Parameters, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Disease Prevalence in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Across North Carolina.
Sanders, Charles William, II.

Reproductive Parameters, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Disease Prevalence in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Across North Carolina. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2019 - 121 p.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 81-11.

Thesis (M.S.)--North Carolina State University, 2019.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis; hereafter otter) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina and was distributed statewide. Populations were decimated by the early 1900s and otter trapping was prohibited in 1938, reopened in 1947, and gradually expanded until 2005. The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) and Great Smoky Mountains National Park combined to release 404 otters to restore populations in western North Carolina. River otters are currently the only harvested otter species worldwide and populations are closely monitored. Diseases may have an impact on the otter population and other aquatic mammals, through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals (e.g., domestic cats), or less robust condition of individuals. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it affects pets causing mild to fatal symptoms. Even though biomagnification makes aquatic apex predators particularly vulnerable to environmental contaminants, no prior information exists on the North Carolina otter population. To determine population dynamics, disease prevalence, and levels of contamination we worked throughout the three Furbearer Management Units (FMUs) and 14 river basins in North Carolina to collect carcasses from trappers during the trapping seasons established by the NCWRC. During 1978-1980 (Period One; Coastal Plain and Piedmont) and the 2009- 2013/2014-2016 (Period Two; statewide) trapping seasons, we collected otter carcasses from licensed trappers, fur buyers, and wildlife damage control agents. We conducted necropsies, analyzed age structure, counted corpora lutea and fetuses for fecundity estimates (Chapter 1), tested brain and kidney tissue for leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis (Chapter 2), and determined the liver and kidney concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and zinc (Chapter 3). During Period One, 617 otter carcasses (330 male, 287 female) were collected from the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. During Period Two, we collected 822 (524 male, 298 female) otter carcasses across North Carolina. Age distributions for all otters were skewed toward the younger age classes and did not differ between collection periods. We detected a 45% increase in fecundity overall between Periods One and Two, and reproduction that was absent by juvenile and yearling otters during Period One was present during Period Two. Three otters (1%) tested positive for Leptospira interrogans, 41 (19%) for Parvovirus spp, and 53 (24%) for Toxoplasma gondii. All elements except for cadmium were detected at higher levels in liver samples compared to kidney samples. Most element concentrations remained stable or increased with age. Some river basins and FMUs were significantly higher than the others. Our results indicate the reproductive distribution has gradually shifted to include younger otters. There are many drivers of reproduction, including food, habitat, environmental contaminants, and population in general. However, otter populations may experience different age structure and fecundity levels depending on harvest pressure and environmental stressors. Although parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. None of the elements we tested occurred at toxic levels. Our research establishes baseline concentration levels for North Carolina which will benefit future monitoring efforts and provide insight into future changes in the otter population. Harvest should be closely monitored and regulated, and future studies should assess the effects of disease and environmental stressors on otters and other semi-aquatic mammals, examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species, and the sublethal effects of infection.

ISBN: 9781658411349Subjects--Topical Terms:

516476
Ecology.
Subjects--Index Terms:

North Carolina

Reproductive Parameters, Heavy Metal Concentrations, and Disease Prevalence in North American River Otters (Lontra canadensis) Across North Carolina.
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520 $a The North American river otter (Lontra canadensis; hereafter otter) is the largest mustelid in North Carolina and was distributed statewide. Populations were decimated by the early 1900s and otter trapping was prohibited in 1938, reopened in 1947, and gradually expanded until 2005. The North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) and Great Smoky Mountains National Park combined to release 404 otters to restore populations in western North Carolina. River otters are currently the only harvested otter species worldwide and populations are closely monitored. Diseases may have an impact on the otter population and other aquatic mammals, through exposure to emerging diseases, contact with domestic animals (e.g., domestic cats), or less robust condition of individuals. Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are priority zoonoses and maintained by domestic and wild mammals. Although parvovirus is not zoonotic, it affects pets causing mild to fatal symptoms. Even though biomagnification makes aquatic apex predators particularly vulnerable to environmental contaminants, no prior information exists on the North Carolina otter population. To determine population dynamics, disease prevalence, and levels of contamination we worked throughout the three Furbearer Management Units (FMUs) and 14 river basins in North Carolina to collect carcasses from trappers during the trapping seasons established by the NCWRC. During 1978-1980 (Period One; Coastal Plain and Piedmont) and the 2009- 2013/2014-2016 (Period Two; statewide) trapping seasons, we collected otter carcasses from licensed trappers, fur buyers, and wildlife damage control agents. We conducted necropsies, analyzed age structure, counted corpora lutea and fetuses for fecundity estimates (Chapter 1), tested brain and kidney tissue for leptospirosis, parvovirus, and toxoplasmosis (Chapter 2), and determined the liver and kidney concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and zinc (Chapter 3). During Period One, 617 otter carcasses (330 male, 287 female) were collected from the Coastal Plain and Piedmont. During Period Two, we collected 822 (524 male, 298 female) otter carcasses across North Carolina. Age distributions for all otters were skewed toward the younger age classes and did not differ between collection periods. We detected a 45% increase in fecundity overall between Periods One and Two, and reproduction that was absent by juvenile and yearling otters during Period One was present during Period Two. Three otters (1%) tested positive for Leptospira interrogans, 41 (19%) for Parvovirus spp, and 53 (24%) for Toxoplasma gondii. All elements except for cadmium were detected at higher levels in liver samples compared to kidney samples. Most element concentrations remained stable or increased with age. Some river basins and FMUs were significantly higher than the others. Our results indicate the reproductive distribution has gradually shifted to include younger otters. There are many drivers of reproduction, including food, habitat, environmental contaminants, and population in general. However, otter populations may experience different age structure and fecundity levels depending on harvest pressure and environmental stressors. Although parvovirus and toxoplasmosis are relatively common in North Carolina otters, the otter harvest has remained steady and the population appears to be abundant and self-sustaining. Therefore, parvovirus and toxoplasmosis do not currently appear to be negatively impacting the population. None of the elements we tested occurred at toxic levels. Our research establishes baseline concentration levels for North Carolina which will benefit future monitoring efforts and provide insight into future changes in the otter population. Harvest should be closely monitored and regulated, and future studies should assess the effects of disease and environmental stressors on otters and other semi-aquatic mammals, examine transmission parameters between domestic and wild species, and the sublethal effects of infection.
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