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An Investigation of the Risks of Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Recycling: from Forward Osmosis Membrane Process to Natural Sunlight Photolysis.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	An Investigation of the Risks of Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Recycling: from Forward Osmosis Membrane Process to Natural Sunlight Photolysis./
作者:	Xu, Jiale.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2020,
面頁冊數:	213 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-01, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International82-01B.
標題:	Civil engineering. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27997155
ISBN:	9781083486998

An Investigation of the Risks of Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Recycling: from Forward Osmosis Membrane Process to Natural Sunlight Photolysis.
Xu, Jiale.

An Investigation of the Risks of Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Recycling: from Forward Osmosis Membrane Process to Natural Sunlight Photolysis. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2020 - 213 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-01, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2020.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Wastewater recycling is an important strategy to overcome water scarcity. Wastewater can be treated by reverse osmosis-based full advanced treatment systems to reach drinking water quality for potable reuse. Wastewater recycling can also occur unintentionally (i.e., de facto reuse) where upstream wastewater effluents constitute part of the drinking water source downstream. In both cases, the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) is of concern. DBPs are formed from the reactions between disinfectants (e.g., chlorine) and various water constituents, and they represent one of the major health risks for disinfected wastewater. This dissertation aims to investigate the risks of DBPs in the two scenarios of wastewater recycling.The first part of this dissertation systematically investigated the rejection of DBPs by forward osmosis (FO). FO is a promising membrane technology due to its lower energy cost and less irreversible fouling than reverse osmosis (RO). However, the performance of FO in removing DBPs, a critical aspect of wastewater recycling, has not been studied. In this work, we first tested the FO rejection of 18 neutral DBPs in a bench-scale FO system with two commercial FO membranes, Aquaporin membrane and cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane. FO exhibited poor rejection (31%-76%) for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and haloacetonitriles (HAN), the high priority DBPs for wastewater recycling, but it was still higher than that reported in RO. Organic fouling generated by alginate or bovine serum albumin decreased DBP flux, but lower rejection was observed due to the greater decrease in water flux. Aquaporin membrane showed higher rejection than CTA membrane for all DBPs in both clean and fouled conditions. Second, we evaluated the effects of reverse salt flux on DBP transport. Reverse salt flux is a phenomenon unique for FO, and it refers to the transport of draw solutes from saline solution to the feed solution (i.e., wastewater). Our results showed that the reverse salt flux hindered the transport of DBPs. A stronger effect was observed on halogenated DBPs than on nitrosamines. By comparing the DBP permeance in the presence and absence of reverse salt flux, two mechanisms were identified: the steric hindrance in the membrane active layer by the presence of draw solutes and the retarded diffusion of DBPs in the membrane support layer via a "salting-out" effect. Based on these findings, we developed a modified solution-diffusion model incorporating these two mechanisms using a decreased effective membrane pore radius in the active layer and the Setschenow constant for DBPs in the support layer, respectively. The modified model accurately predicted the permeance of halogenated DBPs. Our work contributes to a better understanding of the performance and mechanisms of FO in removing DBPs for potable reuse.The second part of this dissertation assessed the effects of sunlight on the potential of wastewater effluents to form DBPs in de facto reuse. As wastewater effluents travel downstream, sunlight plays an important role in transforming effluent organic matter, but the corresponding effects on the DBP formation have not been thoroughly investigated. In this work, we focused on haloacetonitriles (HANs) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM), two (groups of) nitrogenous DBPs that were shown to contribute higher risk to drinking water than other DBP groups in de facto reuse. Sunlight attenuated the formation potential of bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN-FP) and dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN-FP) in chlorine- and UV-disinfected secondary effluents and in a mixture of wastewater and surface water. A stronger attenuation of BCAN-FP was observed than that of DCAN-FP. Sunlight reduced the overall potential toxicity from the formation potential of dihaloacetonitriles. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the excited triplets generated under sunlight from fulvic acid and/or the UV photoproducts of tryptophan promoted the attenuation of HAN precursors. For TCNM, we observed that the change in TCNM-FP by sunlight was dependent on nitrite concentration. At low nitrite concentrations, sunlight decreased the TCNM-FP; at nitrite concentrations above 0.4 mg N/L, however, TCNM-FP increased after sunlight irradiation. At a higher nitrite concentration, the increase in TCNM-FP was greater. A similar phenomenon was observed for model compounds (humic acid, tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenol). The nitrating agents generated from nitrite photolysis likely converted organic compounds to TCNM precursors. Our findings suggest that the sunlight photolysis should be considered when evaluating the risk of DBP formation in de facto reuse.

ISBN: 9781083486998Subjects--Topical Terms:

860360
Civil engineering.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Wastewater recycling

An Investigation of the Risks of Disinfection Byproducts in Wastewater Recycling: from Forward Osmosis Membrane Process to Natural Sunlight Photolysis.
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