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To the Victor: Understanding the Cal...

Mellott, Matthew.

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To the Victor: Understanding the Calls to Be Victorious in Rev 2-3 in Light of Athletic and Gladiatorial Victory.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	To the Victor: Understanding the Calls to Be Victorious in Rev 2-3 in Light of Athletic and Gladiatorial Victory./
Author:	Mellott, Matthew.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2019,
Description:	319 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-01, Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-01A.
Subject:	Religious history. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=13861991
ISBN:	9781392212837

To the Victor: Understanding the Calls to Be Victorious in Rev 2-3 in Light of Athletic and Gladiatorial Victory.
Mellott, Matthew.

To the Victor: Understanding the Calls to Be Victorious in Rev 2-3 in Light of Athletic and Gladiatorial Victory. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2019 - 319 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-01, Section: A.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago, 2019.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Each of the letters to the seven assemblies in Rev 2-3 includes a promise to "the one who is victorious" (o νικων; Rev 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). In the history of scholarship, most scholars have interpreted the phrase o νικων in Rev 2-3 as a military metaphor or in light of its connections to military conquest. However, the language of victory in Rev 2-3 drew from a wider range of usage and evoked other contexts, especially the agonistic contexts of athletic competition and gladiatorial combat. The validity of such additional backgrounds for understanding the "calls to be victorious" in Rev 2-3 becomes apparent with further study into both the language of these chapters and particularly into the significant historical growth and popularity of athletic and gladiatorial spectacles in the region in the late first-century CE. According to the renowned Classical scholar Louis Robert, there was an "agonistic explosion" in the Greek East under imperial rule, including in the province of Asia.1 This explosion began during the reign of Augustus with the formation of a new athletic festival in conjunction with the imperial cult in honor of the emperor and Roma. This was the first in a series of new athletic festivals that were directly tied to the imperial cult or included honors to the emperors. In addition traditional athletic festivals and ancient festivals in honor of Rome were refurbished and updated to suit the new imperial context. The funding of gladiatorial combats and Roman games were another part of this explosion and their appearance in the province transformed the spectacle culture of these cities. This explosion of competitions would have formed meaningful sources for John's audience's understanding of the "calls to be victorious." As such, these calls can be described as metaphors that drew on several backgrounds to exhort the audience. Given the communities' contexts of struggles with opposing teachings, desires to assimilate, and pressures from a Greco-Roman culture which directed honor and loyalty to the emperor, these calls would have encouraged the audience to faithfully bear witness to the lordship of Jesus and God in contrast to the claimed lordship of the emperors and their gods. With the aid of conceptual metaphor theory and socio-rhetorical methods, this dissertation argues that athletic and gladiatorial victory provide powerful backgrounds for understanding the communities' struggles, their need for enduring resistance and for an alternative court of reputation in which these dishonored and slandered communities could receive true honor. In this context, the power of victory in faithful witness would bring true honor to God and Jesus in contrast to the honors given to the emperor in the surrounding culture. Based on this analysis, the powerful backgrounds of athletic and gladiatorial victory would have provided fertile ground for John the Seer's audiences to draw meaning for their own struggles to remain faithful and bear witness to the true lordship of Jesus and God.

ISBN: 9781392212837Subjects--Topical Terms:

2122824
Religious history.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Athletics

To the Victor: Understanding the Calls to Be Victorious in Rev 2-3 in Light of Athletic and Gladiatorial Victory.
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500 $a Publisher info.: Dissertation/Thesis.
500 $a Advisor: Rossing, Barbara R.
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520 $a Each of the letters to the seven assemblies in Rev 2-3 includes a promise to "the one who is victorious" (o νικων; Rev 2:7, 11, 17, 26; 3:5, 12, 21). In the history of scholarship, most scholars have interpreted the phrase o νικων in Rev 2-3 as a military metaphor or in light of its connections to military conquest. However, the language of victory in Rev 2-3 drew from a wider range of usage and evoked other contexts, especially the agonistic contexts of athletic competition and gladiatorial combat. The validity of such additional backgrounds for understanding the "calls to be victorious" in Rev 2-3 becomes apparent with further study into both the language of these chapters and particularly into the significant historical growth and popularity of athletic and gladiatorial spectacles in the region in the late first-century CE. According to the renowned Classical scholar Louis Robert, there was an "agonistic explosion" in the Greek East under imperial rule, including in the province of Asia.1 This explosion began during the reign of Augustus with the formation of a new athletic festival in conjunction with the imperial cult in honor of the emperor and Roma. This was the first in a series of new athletic festivals that were directly tied to the imperial cult or included honors to the emperors. In addition traditional athletic festivals and ancient festivals in honor of Rome were refurbished and updated to suit the new imperial context. The funding of gladiatorial combats and Roman games were another part of this explosion and their appearance in the province transformed the spectacle culture of these cities. This explosion of competitions would have formed meaningful sources for John's audience's understanding of the "calls to be victorious." As such, these calls can be described as metaphors that drew on several backgrounds to exhort the audience. Given the communities' contexts of struggles with opposing teachings, desires to assimilate, and pressures from a Greco-Roman culture which directed honor and loyalty to the emperor, these calls would have encouraged the audience to faithfully bear witness to the lordship of Jesus and God in contrast to the claimed lordship of the emperors and their gods. With the aid of conceptual metaphor theory and socio-rhetorical methods, this dissertation argues that athletic and gladiatorial victory provide powerful backgrounds for understanding the communities' struggles, their need for enduring resistance and for an alternative court of reputation in which these dishonored and slandered communities could receive true honor. In this context, the power of victory in faithful witness would bring true honor to God and Jesus in contrast to the honors given to the emperor in the surrounding culture. Based on this analysis, the powerful backgrounds of athletic and gladiatorial victory would have provided fertile ground for John the Seer's audiences to draw meaning for their own struggles to remain faithful and bear witness to the true lordship of Jesus and God.
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