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Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply = = Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply =/
Reminder of title:	Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen.
Author:	Schmitz, Sophia.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2019,
Description:	199 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-07, Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-07A.
Subject:	Economic theory. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27731893
ISBN:	9781392489109

Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply = = Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen.
Schmitz, Sophia.

Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply =Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2019 - 199 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-07, Section: A.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Freie Universitaet Berlin (Germany), 2019.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

This dissertation consists of four self-contained chapters, each making an independent contribution to the economic literature on child care, social norms, and women's labor supply. Social norms have been put forward as prominent explanations for the changing labor supply of women. Chapter 2 studies the intergenerational formation of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labor supply decisions, taking into account not only early socialization of women but also of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labor force, work longer hours, and earn higher labor income. This intergenerational link cannot be explained by other confounding patterns. The chapter finds no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner's preferences play a decisive role for the labor supply decision of partnered women. Overall the results of this chapter suggest that policy measures supporting the labor force participation of today's mothers will increase the female labor force participation of the next generation. Chapter 3 exploits a unique natural experiment to study the local evolution of social norms and behaviour. It makes use of the fact that after the sudden collapse of the Wall separating East and West Germany, many people who were socialized under the former GDR regime moved to the western part of Germany. These immigrants hold very different beliefs about how maternal employment affects children and the family due to the politico-economic system in the GDR, which focused on policies that favoured female qualified employment and put in place an extensive child care system. We examine social learning and spillover effects on West German families that, up to this point, were mainly characterized by the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. For identification, this chapter exploits the quasi-random geographical pattern of the first-wave of East-to-West migration after the fall of the wall that was mainly determined by distance to the boarder. Using data from the German Microcensus and various other data sets from the statistical offices, the chapter finds positive and statistically significant effects on the labor supply decision of women at the intensive margin. In addition, there is suggestive evidence that West Germans adjust their beliefs about how women's employment affects children and the family. The chapter carefully examines the dynamic evolution of these local effects in the short-, medium- and long-term, finding these best accommodated by models of local social learning and endogenous child care infrastructure. The chapter supports this interpretation by providing direct evidence on the evolution of East-West German intermarriage, local friendship-ties, and the local expansion of publicly funded child care. As more and more countries consider expanding public child care provision, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of its implications for families. Chapter 4 adds to the existing literature by investigating the effect of publicly funded child care on parental subjective well-being. To establish causality, the chapter exploits cut-off rules introduced following the implementation of a legal claim to formal child care in Germany. The results suggest that child care provision strongly increases the life satisfaction of mothers who were previously constrained by the lack of formal child care supply. The effect is more pronounced for mothers with higher labor market attachment. The coefficients for fathers are smaller and not statistically significant. As potential mechanisms, a wide range of time-use and labor market outcomes are explored. This shows that mothers indeed shift time from non-market activities to formal work in response to child care eligibility, resulting in direct and indirect pecuniary and non-pecuniary returns to maternal life satisfaction. The findings of this chapter shed light on key issues of work-family reconciliation and stress the importance of considering subjective well-being measures in family policy evaluations. Research suggests that children of less-educated or foreign-born parents are more likely to gain developmentally from day care, but are less likely to be enrolled in it. Chapter 5 shows that substantial enrolment gaps exist for children below the age of three in Germany, a country with a universal and highly-subsidised day care system. Using a large and unique data set that records both actual and preferred day care usage, this chapter examines different demand and supply side explanation for these enrollment gaps. In the empirical analysis of supply side factors, we exploit policy induced regional and time variation in the scarcity of places and the amount of parental fees using different quasi-experimental methods. The chapter demonstrates that differences in demand cannot fully explain enrolment gaps by family background. The findings indicate that both reducing fees and local day care shortages have the potential to reduce enrollment gaps by parental education substantially, while these factors play a minor role for enrollment gaps by parental country of birth.

ISBN: 9781392489109Subjects--Topical Terms:

1556984
Economic theory.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Labor supply of women

Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply = = Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen.
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245 1 0 $a Child Care, Social Norms and Women's Labor Supply = $b Kinderbetreuung, Soziale Normen und die Arbeitsmarktbeteiligung von Frauen.
260 1 $a Ann Arbor : $b ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, $c 2019
300 $a 199 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-07, Section: A.
500 $a Advisor: Spies, C Katharina.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--Freie Universitaet Berlin (Germany), 2019.
506 $a This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
520 $a This dissertation consists of four self-contained chapters, each making an independent contribution to the economic literature on child care, social norms, and women's labor supply. Social norms have been put forward as prominent explanations for the changing labor supply of women. Chapter 2 studies the intergenerational formation of these norms, examining how they affect subsequent female labor supply decisions, taking into account not only early socialization of women but also of their partner. Using large representative panel data sets from Germany, results suggest that women with partners who grew up with a working mother are more likely to participate in the labor force, work longer hours, and earn higher labor income. This intergenerational link cannot be explained by other confounding patterns. The chapter finds no evidence that this finding reflects assortative mating; rather, analysis suggests that the partner's preferences play a decisive role for the labor supply decision of partnered women. Overall the results of this chapter suggest that policy measures supporting the labor force participation of today's mothers will increase the female labor force participation of the next generation. Chapter 3 exploits a unique natural experiment to study the local evolution of social norms and behaviour. It makes use of the fact that after the sudden collapse of the Wall separating East and West Germany, many people who were socialized under the former GDR regime moved to the western part of Germany. These immigrants hold very different beliefs about how maternal employment affects children and the family due to the politico-economic system in the GDR, which focused on policies that favoured female qualified employment and put in place an extensive child care system. We examine social learning and spillover effects on West German families that, up to this point, were mainly characterized by the traditional breadwinner-housewife model. For identification, this chapter exploits the quasi-random geographical pattern of the first-wave of East-to-West migration after the fall of the wall that was mainly determined by distance to the boarder. Using data from the German Microcensus and various other data sets from the statistical offices, the chapter finds positive and statistically significant effects on the labor supply decision of women at the intensive margin. In addition, there is suggestive evidence that West Germans adjust their beliefs about how women's employment affects children and the family. The chapter carefully examines the dynamic evolution of these local effects in the short-, medium- and long-term, finding these best accommodated by models of local social learning and endogenous child care infrastructure. The chapter supports this interpretation by providing direct evidence on the evolution of East-West German intermarriage, local friendship-ties, and the local expansion of publicly funded child care. As more and more countries consider expanding public child care provision, it is important to have a comprehensive understanding of its implications for families. Chapter 4 adds to the existing literature by investigating the effect of publicly funded child care on parental subjective well-being. To establish causality, the chapter exploits cut-off rules introduced following the implementation of a legal claim to formal child care in Germany. The results suggest that child care provision strongly increases the life satisfaction of mothers who were previously constrained by the lack of formal child care supply. The effect is more pronounced for mothers with higher labor market attachment. The coefficients for fathers are smaller and not statistically significant. As potential mechanisms, a wide range of time-use and labor market outcomes are explored. This shows that mothers indeed shift time from non-market activities to formal work in response to child care eligibility, resulting in direct and indirect pecuniary and non-pecuniary returns to maternal life satisfaction. The findings of this chapter shed light on key issues of work-family reconciliation and stress the importance of considering subjective well-being measures in family policy evaluations. Research suggests that children of less-educated or foreign-born parents are more likely to gain developmentally from day care, but are less likely to be enrolled in it. Chapter 5 shows that substantial enrolment gaps exist for children below the age of three in Germany, a country with a universal and highly-subsidised day care system. Using a large and unique data set that records both actual and preferred day care usage, this chapter examines different demand and supply side explanation for these enrollment gaps. In the empirical analysis of supply side factors, we exploit policy induced regional and time variation in the scarcity of places and the amount of parental fees using different quasi-experimental methods. The chapter demonstrates that differences in demand cannot fully explain enrolment gaps by family background. The findings indicate that both reducing fees and local day care shortages have the potential to reduce enrollment gaps by parental education substantially, while these factors play a minor role for enrollment gaps by parental country of birth.
520 $a Diese Dissertation umfasst vier eigenstandige Kapitel, die jeweils einen eigenen Beitrag zur okonomischen Literatur der fruhkindlichen Bildung und Betreuung, sozialer Normen und Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen leisten. Soziale Normen gelten als zentrale Erklarung fur die sich andernde Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen. Kapitel 2 dieser Dissertation untersucht die intergenerationale Transmission dieser Normen, und wie diese nachfolgende Erwerbsentscheidungen von Frauen in Paarbeziehungen beeinflussen. Dabei werden nicht nur die fruhe Sozialisation der Frau, sondern auch die ihres Partners berucksichtigt. Die Ergebnisse auf Basis groser reprasentativer Datensatze von West-Deutschen Paaren deuten darauf hin, dass Frauen, die mit einem Partner zusammenleben, dessen Mutter erwerbstatig war, mit einer hoheren Wahrscheinlichkeit auch erwerbstatig sind, mehr Arbeitsstunden absolvieren und ein hoheres Bruttoeinkommen erzielen. Dieser intergenerationale Zusammenhang kann nicht durch andere Faktoren erklart werden. Desweiteren findet sich keine empirische Evidenz dafur, dass dies durch assortative Partnerwahl verursacht wird, vielmehr zeigen weitere Analysen, dass die Normen des Partners eine entscheidende Rolle fur die Erwerbsentscheidung der Frau spielen. Alles in allem deuten die Ergebnisse dieses Kapitels darauf hin, dass sich politische Masnahmen, die die Erwerbsentscheidung heutiger Mutter beeinflussen, auch auf das Erwerbsverhalten nachfolgender Generationen von Frauen auszuwirken. In Kapitel 3 wird die Wiedervereinigung von West- und Ostdeutschland als naturliches Experiment genutzt, um die Entwicklung lokaler sozialer Normen und Verhalten zu analysieren. Nach der Wende zogen viele Menschen, die in der DDR aufwuchsen, in den Westen Deutschlands. Durch das politisch-okonomische System in der DDR, das die qualifizierte Erwerbsbeteiligung von Frauen forderte und uber ein umfangreiches Kinderbetreuungssystem verfugte, wiesen die zugezogenen Ostdeutschen andere Einstellungen hinsichtlich arbeitender Mutter auf. Dieses Kapitel analysiert soziale Lern- und ubertragungseffekte auf westdeutsche Familien, die bis dahin durch traditionelle Rollenbilder gepragt waren. Um diese Effekte zu identifizieren, wird die quasi-zufallige geografische Variation des ersten Ost-West Migrantenzustromes nach der Wende genutzt, die hauptsachlich durch die Entfernung zur ehemaligen Grenze bestimmt wird. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten des Microzensus und zahlreicher anderer administrativer Daten der statistischen Amter. Die Ergebnisse zeigen positive und statistisch signifikante Effekte auf den zeitlichen Arbeitsumfang von Frauen. Weiterhin wird empirische Evidenz dafur gefunden, dass Menschen ihre Einstellung daruber andern, wie die Berufstatigkeit von Frauen Ehe und Kinder beeinflusst. Die dynamische kurz-, mittel- und langfristige Entwicklung dieser Effekte kann am besten durch graduelle soziale Lerneffekte und Auswirkungen auf die lokale Kinderbetreuungsinfrastruktur erklart werden. Diese Interpretation wird durch empirische Evidenz uber die Entwicklung der Interaktion zwischen Ost- und Westdeutschen, den lokalen Ausbau des Kinderbetreuungsangebots fur Kinder unter drei Jahren und den lokalen Ausbau von Ganztagsplatzen fur Kinder uber drei Jahren gestutzt. Da immer mehr Lander ihr Kinderbetreuungsangebot ausbauen, ist ein umfassendes Verstandnis bezuglich der Folgen fur Familien wichtig. Kapitel 4 tragt zur bestehenden Literatur bei, indem der Frage nachgegangen wird, inwieweit der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung das Well-Being von Eltern beeinflusst. Die Analysen basieren auf Daten des Sozio-oekonomischen Panels und nutzen eine durch Stichtagsregelungen verursachte Diskontinuitat in der Wahrscheinlichkeit, einen Kita-Platz zu nutzen, um kausale Effekte zu identifizieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Ausbau der Kinderbetreuung die Lebenszufriedenheit von Muttern, die durch den bisherigen Mangel an Kindertagesbetreuung eingeschrankt waren, stark erhoht. Dies trifft insbesondere auf Mutter zu, die eine potenziell grosere Bindung an den Arbeitsmarkt haben. Die Effekte fur Vater sind kleiner und statistisch nicht signifikant. Das Kapitel untersucht weiterhin mogliche zugrunde liegende Mechanismen. Insbesondere werden Zeitverwendung von Eltern und deren Arbeitsmarktoutcomes analysiert. Dies zeigt, dass Mutter Zeit von unbezahlter zu bezahlter Arbeit verschieben und damit direkte und indirekte finanzielle und nicht finanzielle Ertrage zur Lebenszufriedenheit entstehen. Die Ergebnisse des Kapitels beleuchten wichtige Vereinbarkeitsfragen und betonen die Wichtigkeit, subjektive Well-Being-Mase in familienpolitischen Evaluationen zu berucksichtigen. Zahlreiche Studien belegen, dass Kinder von Eltern mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau oder Migrationshintergrund in ihrer Entwicklung besonders von fruhkindlicher Bildung und Betreuung profitieren, jedoch mit einer geringeren Wahrscheinlichkeit diese Angebote nutzen. Kapitel 5 zeigt auf, dass es in Deutschland trotz universellem Zugang und stark-subventioniertem Kinderbetreuungssystem fur Kinder unter drei Jahren grose und anhaltende Nutzungsunterschiede nach Familienhintergrund gibt. Basierend auf einem einzigartigen Datensatz, der sowohl die tatsachliche Nutzung als auch die Nachfrage nach Kindertagesbetreuung enthalt, untersucht dieses Kapitel mogliche Erklarungen fur die Nutzungsunterschiede auf der Angebots- und Nachfrageseite. In den quasi-experimentellen Analysen der Angebotsfaktoren werden politikinduzierte regionale Veranderungen in der Verfugbarkeit von Platzen und in der Hohe der Elternbeitrage herangezogen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Unterschiede in der Nachfrage die Nutzungsunterschiede nach Familienhintergrund nur bedingt erklaren konnen. Vielmehr deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine Reduktion des lokalen Mangels an Platzen oder eine Verminderung beziehungsweise starkere Staffelung der Elternbeitrage die Nutzungsunterschiede zwischen hoher und niedriger gebildeten Familien verringern konnen. Fur die Nutzungsunterschiede nach Migrationshintergrund spielen diese Faktoren allerdings kaum eine Rolle.
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650 4 $a Womens studies. $3 2122688
653 $a Labor supply of women
653 $a Socialization of women
653 $a Social norms
653 $a Maternal employment
653 $a East-West German intermarriage
653 $a Publicly funded child care
653 $a Day care usage
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690 $a 0453
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710 2 $a Freie Universitaet Berlin (Germany). $3 1900748
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 81-07A.
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791 $a Ph.D.
792 $a 2019
793 $a English
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=27731893