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IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT...

STALLMANN, JUDITH I.

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IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT./
Author:	STALLMANN, JUDITH I.
Description:	282 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4462.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International47-12A.
Subject:	Economics, Agricultural. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=8707195

IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT.
STALLMANN, JUDITH I.

IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT. - 282 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4462.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University, 1986.

Patents are considered most effective in increasing research investment when imitation of an invention is expected to be rapid and widespread, or when invention costs are high relative to oligopolistic returns. But for the patent to be effective in these circumstances, the returns must be appropriable.Subjects--Topical Terms:

626648
Economics, Agricultural.

IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT.
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100 1 $a STALLMANN, JUDITH I. $3 1940176
245 1 0 $a IMPACTS OF THE 1930 PLANT PATENT ACT ON PRIVATE FRUIT BREEDING INVESTMENT.
300 $a 282 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 47-12, Section: A, page: 4462.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--Michigan State University, 1986.
520 $a Patents are considered most effective in increasing research investment when imitation of an invention is expected to be rapid and widespread, or when invention costs are high relative to oligopolistic returns. But for the patent to be effective in these circumstances, the returns must be appropriable.
520 $a Breeding of fruit species has high investment costs because of the juvenile period and the size of the plant. Many plants also have high exclusion costs due to the ability of the farmer/grower to produce and use the needed genetic material. Long-term investments and inability to police the patent lower the present value of income.
520 $a For this reason the 1930 Plant Patent Act has had very little impact on private investment in fruit breeding. To lower costs, private breeders tend to select species with smaller plant size and shorter juvenile periods, use resources frugally and shorten testing time. But returns are very low and most often negative. Most private breeders began breeding as a hobby or in response to a particular problem in the species. Although they were not economically motivated when they began work, most apply for a patent as a means of obtaining some repayment for their costs.
520 $a Because of high exclusion costs, nurseries are severely constrained in their ability to pass royalty payments on to the grower. Only large nurseries carry patented plants and appear to pay royalty charges out of their economies of scale cost savings.
520 $a As technological advances such as genetic engineering shorten the time needed to breed a new variety, private investment may increase. Alternatives to patents for increasing investment in fruit breeding include public breeding or public subsidies to private firms (both direct and indirect). New institutional forms such as vertical integration of growing and breeding also hold promise. Public testing of private varieties should also be considered.
520 $a Patenting of public sector varieties may provide additional research funds for major programs but is unlikely to provide any substantial funds for programs directed at smaller markets. In addition, patenting may destroy the current perception of the public sector as an unbiased judge of variety quality, particularly if the breeder benefits from the patent. Also, the current division of royalties in the public sector is such that it may encourage public breeders to produce lower quality varieties.
590 $a School code: 0128.
650 4 $a Economics, Agricultural. $3 626648
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710 2 0 $a Michigan State University. $3 676168
773 0 $t Dissertation Abstracts International $g 47-12A.
790 $a 0128
791 $a Ph.D.
792 $a 1986
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=8707195