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The Science Behind Regulating Uncert...

Chang, HanByul.

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The Science Behind Regulating Uncertain Harms of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy and Environmental Protection Agency.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	The Science Behind Regulating Uncertain Harms of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy and Environmental Protection Agency./
Author:	Chang, HanByul.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2023,
Description:	262 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-11, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-11B.
Subject:	Physical chemistry. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=30316002
ISBN:	9798379589592

The Science Behind Regulating Uncertain Harms of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy and Environmental Protection Agency.
Chang, HanByul.

The Science Behind Regulating Uncertain Harms of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy and Environmental Protection Agency. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023 - 262 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-11, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2023.

.

The increase in the demand and use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) calls for escalated attention from scientists and policymakers. LIBs pose three scientifically intriguing problems: 1) the manufacture of LIBs contributes to the depletion of critical metals and emit greenhouse gases; 2) the chemicals used in LIB cathode materials are reported to be toxic to the environment; and 3) there is no streamlined, practical recycling programs that will prepare the world for an influx of spent LIBs in the next decade or so. These problems also present legal challenges because of the unprecedented use and disposal of LIBs that pose potential hazards to the environment and health. This thesis aims to guide science and law to study these potential hazards and protect the environment and health.We demonstrate the suitability of a non-linear optical technique, second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy, to study the impact of LIB materials interacting with environmental and biological surfaces buried under water. Although many environmentally and biologically relevant interactions happen under water, a surface-specific technique that allows for study of interfacial reactions occurring in native environments (i.e., hydrated under water) has been lacking. Both homodyne and heterodyne-detected (HD) SHG spectroscopic techniques can elucidate important surface phenomena under water. Using homodyne SHG spectroscopic methods, we report on the surface charge densities of biological membranes and adsorbed ions, equilibrium constants and free energies of adsorption, and reversibility of adsorption. These values help predict how readily different pollutants, including LIB materials, will adsorb onto surfaces and how persistent the adsorptions are, shedding light on the potential toxicity of the adsorbates. Next, we use HD-SHG to untangle the surface and bulk contributions to the SHG signal to directly and unambiguously observe surface-specific phenomena, such as charge reversal, and illuminate a molecular picture at the interface as the molecules interact with biological and geological surfaces. These studies, in tandem with other techniques and toxicological studies, can provide a clearer picture of the mechanism and pathway through which LIB materials pose toxic impact on the environment and health. Next, we argue that policies and regulations must be designed to protect the environment and health from the potential hazards of LIBs under the proposed strand of the Precautionary Principle. When regulating under uncertainty of harm, EPA must act proactively and preemptively to minimize harm while shifting the burden to the proponent to prove the safety of an activity. The current regulatory scheme is insufficient to protect the environment and health from hazards associated with LIBs. Under the proposed Precautionary Principle, I make several concrete suggestions for changes in the current environmental law, focusing on the Toxic Substances Control Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which can aid in precautionary regulations and shifting of the burden. I end the thesis by calling on scientists and citizens to adopt the Precautionary Principle to perform science to develop safer LIBs and to raise awareness of the potential hazards of LIBs.

ISBN: 9798379589592Subjects--Topical Terms:

1981412
Physical chemistry.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Bilayer

The Science Behind Regulating Uncertain Harms of Lithium-Ion Batteries: Second Harmonic Generation Spectroscopy and Environmental Protection Agency.
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520 $a The increase in the demand and use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in electric vehicles (EVs) calls for escalated attention from scientists and policymakers. LIBs pose three scientifically intriguing problems: 1) the manufacture of LIBs contributes to the depletion of critical metals and emit greenhouse gases; 2) the chemicals used in LIB cathode materials are reported to be toxic to the environment; and 3) there is no streamlined, practical recycling programs that will prepare the world for an influx of spent LIBs in the next decade or so. These problems also present legal challenges because of the unprecedented use and disposal of LIBs that pose potential hazards to the environment and health. This thesis aims to guide science and law to study these potential hazards and protect the environment and health.We demonstrate the suitability of a non-linear optical technique, second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy, to study the impact of LIB materials interacting with environmental and biological surfaces buried under water. Although many environmentally and biologically relevant interactions happen under water, a surface-specific technique that allows for study of interfacial reactions occurring in native environments (i.e., hydrated under water) has been lacking. Both homodyne and heterodyne-detected (HD) SHG spectroscopic techniques can elucidate important surface phenomena under water. Using homodyne SHG spectroscopic methods, we report on the surface charge densities of biological membranes and adsorbed ions, equilibrium constants and free energies of adsorption, and reversibility of adsorption. These values help predict how readily different pollutants, including LIB materials, will adsorb onto surfaces and how persistent the adsorptions are, shedding light on the potential toxicity of the adsorbates. Next, we use HD-SHG to untangle the surface and bulk contributions to the SHG signal to directly and unambiguously observe surface-specific phenomena, such as charge reversal, and illuminate a molecular picture at the interface as the molecules interact with biological and geological surfaces. These studies, in tandem with other techniques and toxicological studies, can provide a clearer picture of the mechanism and pathway through which LIB materials pose toxic impact on the environment and health. Next, we argue that policies and regulations must be designed to protect the environment and health from the potential hazards of LIBs under the proposed strand of the Precautionary Principle. When regulating under uncertainty of harm, EPA must act proactively and preemptively to minimize harm while shifting the burden to the proponent to prove the safety of an activity. The current regulatory scheme is insufficient to protect the environment and health from hazards associated with LIBs. Under the proposed Precautionary Principle, I make several concrete suggestions for changes in the current environmental law, focusing on the Toxic Substances Control Act and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, which can aid in precautionary regulations and shifting of the burden. I end the thesis by calling on scientists and citizens to adopt the Precautionary Principle to perform science to develop safer LIBs and to raise awareness of the potential hazards of LIBs.
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