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Culture, Conflict Styles, and Understanding: Cultural Impacts on the Use of Conflict Styles in Cross-Cultural Communication.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Culture, Conflict Styles, and Understanding: Cultural Impacts on the Use of Conflict Styles in Cross-Cultural Communication./
Author:	Isaacs, Charles Christian.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2023,
Description:	89 p.
Notes:	Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 84-11.
Contained By:	Masters Abstracts International84-11.
Subject:	Communication. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=30424630
ISBN:	9798379494780

Culture, Conflict Styles, and Understanding: Cultural Impacts on the Use of Conflict Styles in Cross-Cultural Communication.
Isaacs, Charles Christian.

Culture, Conflict Styles, and Understanding: Cultural Impacts on the Use of Conflict Styles in Cross-Cultural Communication. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2023 - 89 p.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 84-11.

Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2023.

Today, we live within communities that are becoming increasingly globalized. Technological advancements allow us to engage, in real-time, with individuals on the other side of the globe, giving us the ability to connect with one another on a scale never witnessed before in human history. For all the benefits this ability to freely communicate affords us, conflict, that timeless feature of human interaction, remains ever present. Conflict, and our understanding of it, is further complicated when it occurs cross-culturally. Triandis (2000) notes, "[C]onflict is greater when the two cultures are very different than when they are similar" (Triandis, 2000, p.145). Different cultures have their own unique ideas on how conflicts are approached and managed when communicating with others (Brett, 2000; Carnevale & Choi, 2000; Leung et al., 2011; Tjosvold et al., 2001; Triandis, 1989; Triandis, 2000; Triandis et al., 1971). This uniqueness, if not properly understood, can result in misunderstandings between individuals of differing cultures, leading to an escalation in conflicts. Understanding the existence of differences in how different societies approach conflict is the focus of this study.Folger et al. (1993), define conflict as "the interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals" (p.4). We know that the process to manage conflicts varies from individual to individual. Conflict styles are one way to understand this variation (Folger et al., 1993; Friedman et al., 2000; Oetzel, 1998; Rahim, 1983; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978; Thomas & Kilmann, 2008; Thomas & Schaubhut, 2008; Ting Toomey et al., 1999). These styles are the "patterned responses to conflict in a variety of situations" (Ting-Toomey et al., 1999, p. 48). Conflict styles are highly researched subjects within many academic fields. From the social sciences to business, researchers are working to understand conflict styles to promote better communication (Cai et{A0}al., 2002; Croucher et al., 2012; Folger et al., 1993; Friedman et al., 2000; Oetzel, 1998; Rahim, 1983; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978; Thomas & Kilmann, 2008; Thomas et al., 2008; Ting Toomey et al., 1999). We understand conflict based on five distinct styles: avoiding, accommodating, compromising, competing, and collaborating. They are found along two axes of human behavior, assertiveness, and cooperativeness, which satisfy the balance of concern for oneself and others (Folger et al., 1993, p.182; Rahim, 1983, p.369; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978, p.1139). Conflict styles fall along these two axes based on whether there is a high or low need for either or both parameters, depending on the goals of the individuals engaged in conflict.The complexities of conflict increase when we introduce cultural influences into the discussion. There is much more to culture than meets the eye. Individuals may think that culture is based on where an individual is from, their dress, religion, cuisine, etc., where in fact, an individual's culture is much more than this. This study discusses elements of culture, specifically the differences between individualism (found in many Western countries) and collectivism (found in many Eastern countries and Central and South American countries), and how these societal differences affect interactions between nations and influence international conflict. Culture adds complexity not only to our understanding of conflict generally but also when conflict occurs cross-culturally.The benefits of understanding the effects of culture on conflict are beneficial to human society at many levels, including fostering better relations and communication between governments, businesses, and other organizations (Brett, 2000; Janosik, 1987; Triandis, 2000). Cross-cultural interactions are becoming commonplace thanks to technology and an ever increasing global marketplace. Economic trade, on a global level, finds businesses and{A0}governments engaging more frequently than ever before. As beneficial for humanity as this trend is, it does come with its own unique problems. Cultural differences can lead to great misunderstanding and likely foster mistrust between interdependent parties. (Brett, 2000; Janosik, 1987;Triandis, 2000). These factors lead to the underlying questions this study seeks to better understand: Do different cultures understand the conflict in the same way? What impact does culture have when a conflict occurs between two parties from different cultures takes place? Do these cultural differences foster mistrust between interdependent parties who are of differing cultures? Understanding different approaches to conflict styles is key to building a sustainable working relationship and interdependence that will endure over time.This study looks at the historical interactions of two firmly established nations, the United States and the People's Republic of China. during the 1970s and 1980s. This is a point in history when the two nations had minimal formal relations but were interested in creating a relationship that could prove mutually beneficial for both. The purpose of this study is to better inform individuals and institutions, both public and private, about these differences, with the hope that it can better inform those individuals who are engaged in cross-cultural interactions. The ultimate goal of any good relationship should be mutually beneficial and lasting outcomes for all parties involved.This thesis explores this in the following ways. It begins with a literature review that examines the general principles of conflict, conflict styles, how they are defined by researchers, and how they are used to manage interest in conflict. This review includes a discussion of culture, how it is defined, and the differences between individualistic versus collectivist societies, as well as a brief discussion of international conflict. Finally, the literature review concludes with an overview of the case study, which lays out the historical period that is to be{A0}analyzed in this study and present the study's research questions. Following the literature review, the methodology discusses the research process and how data was collected and analyzed. Next, the findings section details the main themes found in the data. A discussion section then brings the research findings back into conversation with existing literature and research. Finally, it concludes with a conversation about the limitations of the study and my conclusions.

ISBN: 9798379494780Subjects--Topical Terms:

524709
Communication.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Collectivist

Culture, Conflict Styles, and Understanding: Cultural Impacts on the Use of Conflict Styles in Cross-Cultural Communication.
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This uniqueness, if not properly understood, can result in misunderstandings between individuals of differing cultures, leading to an escalation in conflicts. Understanding the existence of differences in how different societies approach conflict is the focus of this study.Folger et al. (1993), define conflict as "the interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals" (p.4). We know that the process to manage conflicts varies from individual to individual. Conflict styles are one way to understand this variation (Folger et al., 1993; Friedman et al., 2000; Oetzel, 1998; Rahim, 1983; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978; Thomas & Kilmann, 2008; Thomas & Schaubhut, 2008; Ting Toomey et al., 1999). These styles are the "patterned responses to conflict in a variety of situations" (Ting-Toomey et al., 1999, p. 48). Conflict styles are highly researched subjects within many academic fields. From the social sciences to business, researchers are working to understand conflict styles to promote better communication (Cai et{A0}al., 2002; Croucher et al., 2012; Folger et al., 1993; Friedman et al., 2000; Oetzel, 1998; Rahim, 1983; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978; Thomas & Kilmann, 2008; Thomas et al., 2008; Ting Toomey et al., 1999). We understand conflict based on five distinct styles: avoiding, accommodating, compromising, competing, and collaborating. They are found along two axes of human behavior, assertiveness, and cooperativeness, which satisfy the balance of concern for oneself and others (Folger et al., 1993, p.182; Rahim, 1983, p.369; Thomas & Kilmann, 1978, p.1139). Conflict styles fall along these two axes based on whether there is a high or low need for either or both parameters, depending on the goals of the individuals engaged in conflict.The complexities of conflict increase when we introduce cultural influences into the discussion. There is much more to culture than meets the eye. Individuals may think that culture is based on where an individual is from, their dress, religion, cuisine, etc., where in fact, an individual's culture is much more than this. This study discusses elements of culture, specifically the differences between individualism (found in many Western countries) and collectivism (found in many Eastern countries and Central and South American countries), and how these societal differences affect interactions between nations and influence international conflict. Culture adds complexity not only to our understanding of conflict generally but also when conflict occurs cross-culturally.The benefits of understanding the effects of culture on conflict are beneficial to human society at many levels, including fostering better relations and communication between governments, businesses, and other organizations (Brett, 2000; Janosik, 1987; Triandis, 2000). Cross-cultural interactions are becoming commonplace thanks to technology and an ever increasing global marketplace. Economic trade, on a global level, finds businesses and{A0}governments engaging more frequently than ever before. As beneficial for humanity as this trend is, it does come with its own unique problems. Cultural differences can lead to great misunderstanding and likely foster mistrust between interdependent parties. (Brett, 2000; Janosik, 1987;Triandis, 2000). These factors lead to the underlying questions this study seeks to better understand: Do different cultures understand the conflict in the same way? What impact does culture have when a conflict occurs between two parties from different cultures takes place? Do these cultural differences foster mistrust between interdependent parties who are of differing cultures? Understanding different approaches to conflict styles is key to building a sustainable working relationship and interdependence that will endure over time.This study looks at the historical interactions of two firmly established nations, the United States and the People's Republic of China. during the 1970s and 1980s. This is a point in history when the two nations had minimal formal relations but were interested in creating a relationship that could prove mutually beneficial for both. The purpose of this study is to better inform individuals and institutions, both public and private, about these differences, with the hope that it can better inform those individuals who are engaged in cross-cultural interactions. The ultimate goal of any good relationship should be mutually beneficial and lasting outcomes for all parties involved.This thesis explores this in the following ways. It begins with a literature review that examines the general principles of conflict, conflict styles, how they are defined by researchers, and how they are used to manage interest in conflict. This review includes a discussion of culture, how it is defined, and the differences between individualistic versus collectivist societies, as well as a brief discussion of international conflict. Finally, the literature review concludes with an overview of the case study, which lays out the historical period that is to be{A0}analyzed in this study and present the study's research questions. Following the literature review, the methodology discusses the research process and how data was collected and analyzed. Next, the findings section details the main themes found in the data. A discussion section then brings the research findings back into conversation with existing literature and research. Finally, it concludes with a conversation about the limitations of the study and my conclusions.
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653 $a Individualist
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