東華大學圖書館 |

Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste./
作者:	Motavaf, Bita.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (168 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-02, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-02B.
標題:	Biodiesel fuels. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29276539click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798841569367

Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste.
Motavaf, Bita.

Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste. - 1 online resource (168 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-02, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Pennsylvania State University, 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) utilizes high temperature water properties and converts wet biomass into an energy-dense crude bio-oil. This technology uses water as the reaction medium, and therefore obviates the need of drying feedstock prior to the process, as is required by other thermochemical processes like pyrolysis. HTL typically occurs at temperatures between 200 and 400 °C and at pressures between 10 and 40 MPa. Food waste has high moisture content with primary components of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. A most common practice is disposing of food waste in landfills which consequently leads to decomposition of organic matter and emission of greenhouse gases. HTL reduces these detrimental effects by utilizing food waste, this readily available resource, and producing valuable products including an energy-dense bio-oil and a nutrient-rich aqueous phase. In this dissertation, the effect of process variables and the use of different catalysts on HTL of food waste are elucidated. Additionally, the recovery of fatty acids from the food waste lipid fraction and nutrients from the protein fraction were studied by conducting low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, and two-step thermochemical treatments, respectively. This thesis reports the HTL of simulated food waste over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, biomass loadings, and times. The highest biocrude yields were from HTL near the critical temperature. The most severe reaction conditions (600 °C, 35.3 MPa, 30 min) gave biocrude with the largest heating value (36.5 MJ/kg) and transferred up to 50% of the nitrogen and 68% of the phosphorus in the food mixture into the aqueous phase. Energy recovery in the biocrude exceeded 65% under multiple reaction conditions. Saturated fatty acids were the most abundant compounds in the light biocrude fraction under all the reaction conditions. Isothermal HTL gave a higher fraction of heavy compounds than fast HTL. A kinetic model for HTL of microalgae predicted 2/3 of the experimental biocrude yields from HTL of food waste to within ±5 wt %, and nearly 90% to within ±10 wt %. This thesis further focuses on screening potential catalysts (i.e. supported metals, bulk metal oxides, and a set of salt, acid, and base additives) for the HTL of food waste to improve biocrude yields and qualities. Supported metals and the additives did not increase biocrude yields, but three of the metal oxides did lead to higher yields, with the following order: SiO2 > La2O3 > CeO2. The elemental compositions and heating values of the biocrudes were sensitive to the type of potential catalyst used, especially in the presence of high-pressure hydrogen. The higher heating values of the biocrude from HTL were higher with added H2 and supported metal. Of all the potential catalysts tested, K3PO4 produced oil with the greatest HHV. Fatty acids were the major GC-elutable compounds in most of the oils, save that produced with added CaO, where amides and N-containing compounds dominated. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the distribution of the volatilities of the molecules in the biocrude oils is sensitive to the type of metal oxide used. Aqueous-phase products from HTL with CaO and SiO2 recovered the most nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in the aqueous phase. This work also investigated hydrothermal carbonization of food waste under different reaction conditions, with the aim of recovering both fatty acids from the hydrochar and nutrients from the aqueous-phase products. HTC of the simulated food waste produced hydrochar that retained up to 78% of the original fatty acids. These retained fatty acids were extracted from the hydrochar using ethanol, a food-grade solvent, and gave a net recovery of fatty acid of ~50%. The HTC process partitioned more than 50 wt% of the phosphorus and around 38 wt% of the nitrogen into the aqueous-phase products. Finally, sequential carbonization (200 °C, 30 min) and liquefaction steps (300 - 600 °C, 30 min) were also conducted on simulated food waste to produce renewable bio-oil and recover nitrogen. Thermal and hydrothermal approaches were used for both steps. Pyrolysis at Stage I produced biochars in the greatest yield (57 wt %). The biocrude oil with the greatest heating value (39.4 MJ/kg) was produced from pyrolysis of biochar from HTC at Stage I. Pyrolysis as the second step treatment gave negligible aqueous-phase product yields, so nitrogen recovery with this approach was limited to that recovered in the first step (39% for HTC and 12% for pyrolytic carbonization). Using hydrothermal liquefaction for the second step gave much higher nitrogen recoveries. The highest recovery of N (75%) in the aqueous-phase products from the two stages occurred for the run where HTL (350 C) was the treatment at Stage II and the biochar was produced hydrothermally from food waste. This N recovery greatly exceeds the recoveries of < 10% reported for single-step HTL of this same simulated food waste mixture. Energy recovery in the biocrude oil that was produced from this two-step process exceeded 50% in several runs, but fell short of the energy recoveries (~ 60%) from single-step HTL of this same simulated food waste mixture. Thus, a two-step valorization process provides an opportunity for much greater N recovery from food waste at the expense of slightly lower energy recoveries. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the valorization of food waste by producing energy dense crude bio-oil and nutrient rich aqueous phase products.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798841569367Subjects--Topical Terms:

587935
Biodiesel fuels.
Index Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste.
LDR:06856nmm a2200385K 4500 001 2363339
005 20231121104613.5
006 m o d
007 cr mn ---uuuuu
008 241011s2022 xx obm 000 0 eng d
020 $a 9798841569367
035 $a (MiAaPQ)AAI29276539
035 $a (MiAaPQ)PennState_22242bvm5395
035 $a AAI29276539
040 $a MiAaPQ $b eng $c MiAaPQ $d NTU
100 1 $a Motavaf, Bita. $3 3704098
245 1 0 $a Hydrothermal Valorization of Food Waste.
264 0 $c 2022
300 $a 1 online resource (168 pages)
336 $a text $b txt $2 rdacontent
337 $a computer $b c $2 rdamedia
338 $a online resource $b cr $2 rdacarrier
500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-02, Section: B.
500 $a Advisor: Savage, Phillip E.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--The Pennsylvania State University, 2022.
504 $a Includes bibliographical references
520 $a Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) utilizes high temperature water properties and converts wet biomass into an energy-dense crude bio-oil. This technology uses water as the reaction medium, and therefore obviates the need of drying feedstock prior to the process, as is required by other thermochemical processes like pyrolysis. HTL typically occurs at temperatures between 200 and 400 °C and at pressures between 10 and 40 MPa. Food waste has high moisture content with primary components of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. A most common practice is disposing of food waste in landfills which consequently leads to decomposition of organic matter and emission of greenhouse gases. HTL reduces these detrimental effects by utilizing food waste, this readily available resource, and producing valuable products including an energy-dense bio-oil and a nutrient-rich aqueous phase. In this dissertation, the effect of process variables and the use of different catalysts on HTL of food waste are elucidated. Additionally, the recovery of fatty acids from the food waste lipid fraction and nutrients from the protein fraction were studied by conducting low-temperature hydrothermal treatment, and two-step thermochemical treatments, respectively. This thesis reports the HTL of simulated food waste over a wide range of temperatures, pressures, biomass loadings, and times. The highest biocrude yields were from HTL near the critical temperature. The most severe reaction conditions (600 °C, 35.3 MPa, 30 min) gave biocrude with the largest heating value (36.5 MJ/kg) and transferred up to 50% of the nitrogen and 68% of the phosphorus in the food mixture into the aqueous phase. Energy recovery in the biocrude exceeded 65% under multiple reaction conditions. Saturated fatty acids were the most abundant compounds in the light biocrude fraction under all the reaction conditions. Isothermal HTL gave a higher fraction of heavy compounds than fast HTL. A kinetic model for HTL of microalgae predicted 2/3 of the experimental biocrude yields from HTL of food waste to within ±5 wt %, and nearly 90% to within ±10 wt %. This thesis further focuses on screening potential catalysts (i.e. supported metals, bulk metal oxides, and a set of salt, acid, and base additives) for the HTL of food waste to improve biocrude yields and qualities. Supported metals and the additives did not increase biocrude yields, but three of the metal oxides did lead to higher yields, with the following order: SiO2 > La2O3 > CeO2. The elemental compositions and heating values of the biocrudes were sensitive to the type of potential catalyst used, especially in the presence of high-pressure hydrogen. The higher heating values of the biocrude from HTL were higher with added H2 and supported metal. Of all the potential catalysts tested, K3PO4 produced oil with the greatest HHV. Fatty acids were the major GC-elutable compounds in most of the oils, save that produced with added CaO, where amides and N-containing compounds dominated. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the distribution of the volatilities of the molecules in the biocrude oils is sensitive to the type of metal oxide used. Aqueous-phase products from HTL with CaO and SiO2 recovered the most nitrogen and phosphorus, respectively, in the aqueous phase. This work also investigated hydrothermal carbonization of food waste under different reaction conditions, with the aim of recovering both fatty acids from the hydrochar and nutrients from the aqueous-phase products. HTC of the simulated food waste produced hydrochar that retained up to 78% of the original fatty acids. These retained fatty acids were extracted from the hydrochar using ethanol, a food-grade solvent, and gave a net recovery of fatty acid of ~50%. The HTC process partitioned more than 50 wt% of the phosphorus and around 38 wt% of the nitrogen into the aqueous-phase products. Finally, sequential carbonization (200 °C, 30 min) and liquefaction steps (300 - 600 °C, 30 min) were also conducted on simulated food waste to produce renewable bio-oil and recover nitrogen. Thermal and hydrothermal approaches were used for both steps. Pyrolysis at Stage I produced biochars in the greatest yield (57 wt %). The biocrude oil with the greatest heating value (39.4 MJ/kg) was produced from pyrolysis of biochar from HTC at Stage I. Pyrolysis as the second step treatment gave negligible aqueous-phase product yields, so nitrogen recovery with this approach was limited to that recovered in the first step (39% for HTC and 12% for pyrolytic carbonization). Using hydrothermal liquefaction for the second step gave much higher nitrogen recoveries. The highest recovery of N (75%) in the aqueous-phase products from the two stages occurred for the run where HTL (350 C) was the treatment at Stage II and the biochar was produced hydrothermally from food waste. This N recovery greatly exceeds the recoveries of < 10% reported for single-step HTL of this same simulated food waste mixture. Energy recovery in the biocrude oil that was produced from this two-step process exceeded 50% in several runs, but fell short of the energy recoveries (~ 60%) from single-step HTL of this same simulated food waste mixture. Thus, a two-step valorization process provides an opportunity for much greater N recovery from food waste at the expense of slightly lower energy recoveries. Taken together, these results provide new insights into the valorization of food waste by producing energy dense crude bio-oil and nutrient rich aqueous phase products.
533 $a Electronic reproduction. $b Ann Arbor, Mich. : $c ProQuest, $d 2023
538 $a Mode of access: World Wide Web
650 4 $a Biodiesel fuels. $3 587935
650 4 $a Agricultural production. $3 3559355
650 4 $a Emissions. $3 3559499
650 4 $a Carbohydrates. $3 522687
650 4 $a Fatty acids. $3 897910
650 4 $a Heat. $3 573595
650 4 $a Biomass. $3 1013462
650 4 $a Lipids. $3 558980
650 4 $a Climate change. $2 bicssc $3 2079509
650 4 $a Moisture content. $3 3564813
650 4 $a Nitrogen. $3 1314426
650 4 $a Phosphorus. $3 671778
650 4 $a Greenhouse gases. $3 797971
650 4 $a Additives. $3 3689237
650 4 $a Fossil fuels. $3 701525
650 4 $a Carbon. $3 604057
650 4 $a Sulfur content. $3 3683773
650 4 $a Alternative energy sources. $3 3561089
650 4 $a Nutrients. $3 3562665
650 4 $a Crude oil. $3 3561710
650 4 $a Agriculture. $3 518588
650 4 $a Alternative energy. $3 3436775
650 4 $a Energy. $3 876794
650 4 $a Bioengineering. $3 657580
650 4 $a Chemical engineering. $3 560457
655 7 $a Electronic books. $2 lcsh $3 542853
690 $a 0404
690 $a 0473
690 $a 0363
690 $a 0791
690 $a 0202
690 $a 0542
710 2 $a ProQuest Information and Learning Co. $3 783688
710 2 $a The Pennsylvania State University. $3 699896
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 84-02B.
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29276539 $z click for full text (PQDT)