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Parasitism in a Changing World : = Investigating the Outcome of Infection in Freshwater Zooplankton (Daphnia) Under the Influence of Anthropogenically-Derived Environmental Shifts.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Parasitism in a Changing World :/
其他題名:	Investigating the Outcome of Infection in Freshwater Zooplankton (Daphnia) Under the Influence of Anthropogenically-Derived Environmental Shifts.
作者:	Manzi, Florent.
面頁冊數:	1 online resource (189 pages)
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-04, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International84-04B.
標題:	Infections. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=29341379click for full text (PQDT)
ISBN:	9798351496528

Parasitism in a Changing World : = Investigating the Outcome of Infection in Freshwater Zooplankton (Daphnia) Under the Influence of Anthropogenically-Derived Environmental Shifts.
Manzi, Florent.

Parasitism in a Changing World :Investigating the Outcome of Infection in Freshwater Zooplankton (Daphnia) Under the Influence of Anthropogenically-Derived Environmental Shifts. - 1 online resource (189 pages)

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 84-04, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Freie Universitaet Berlin (Germany), 2022.

Includes bibliographical references

Human activity is generating environmental shifts i) at a global scale and ii) at an unprecedented pace. In addition to the release of greenhouse gases, largely responsible for the ongoing elevation of the Earth's average surface temperature, other sources of anthropic disturbances have been associated with abrupt changes in the abiotic parameters of natural ecosystems. In particular, freshwater bodies around the globe are facing a combination of warming, eutrophication and pollution by a variety of man-made contaminants. Because the influence of the external environment can strongly dictate the outcome of host-parasite interactions, the scientific literature has expressed concern that the occurrence and severity of diseases may be favoured under the influence of such disturbances. Using a commonly occurring system of a zooplanktonic host (Daphnia sp.) and its fungal parasite (Metschnikowia bicuspidata), the present work examines four possible sources of interference between anthropogenically-derived environmental shifts and the performance of a highly virulent parasite in controlled infection assays. In Chapter 1, we examined the conjoint effects of elevated temperature and host diet quality on distinct parameters of host and parasite fitness. We showed that a 4°C elevation in water temperature could greatly affect the success of infection, though the direction of these effects varied widely across specific associations of host genotype and diet quality. When incorporated as major components of the host's diet, cyanobacterial species generally resulted in a sharp decrease of the parasite's reproduction. To follow up on these observations, Chapter 2 asked whether the putative antifungal effects of cyanobacteria against Metschnikowia could also apply to free-living stages of the parasite, independently of their consumption by the host. Here, prior incubation of infective stages to high concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts did not reduce the success of infection, as we suspected. However, we found similar occurrences of genotype-by-environment interactions, supporting that phytoplankton composition and host genotypic diversity are important determinants of infection success in this system. In Chapter 3, we explored a contemporary source of environmental pollution affecting freshwater bodies. We provide the first experimental evidence that polystyrene nanoplastic particles (≤ 100 nm) can modulate the outcome of infection in a zooplanktonmicroparasite system, showing that high concentrations of nanoplastics can strongly reduce the parasite's ability to produce spores within the host. Finally, to determine how climate-associated shifts in the phenology of co-occurring parasites could influence the dynamics of infection, Chapter 4 used sequential infections between our focal parasite and a competing, less virulent microsporidium (Ordospora colligata). We found evidence for priority effects at the within-host level, suggesting that prior emergence of the microsporidium in natural populations may be detrimental to the transmission of both parasites. Overall, these results provide only few examples of enhanced parasite transmission under the influence of anthropic disturbances, rather supporting that future environmental shifts will exert strong pressure on fitness traits of both hosts and parasites in this commonly occurring freshwater assemblage.

Electronic reproduction.
Ann Arbor, Mich. :
ProQuest,
2023

Mode of access: World Wide Web

ISBN: 9798351496528Subjects--Topical Terms:

1621997
Infections.
Index Terms--Genre/Form:

542853
Electronic books.

Parasitism in a Changing World : = Investigating the Outcome of Infection in Freshwater Zooplankton (Daphnia) Under the Influence of Anthropogenically-Derived Environmental Shifts.
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520 $a Human activity is generating environmental shifts i) at a global scale and ii) at an unprecedented pace. In addition to the release of greenhouse gases, largely responsible for the ongoing elevation of the Earth's average surface temperature, other sources of anthropic disturbances have been associated with abrupt changes in the abiotic parameters of natural ecosystems. In particular, freshwater bodies around the globe are facing a combination of warming, eutrophication and pollution by a variety of man-made contaminants. Because the influence of the external environment can strongly dictate the outcome of host-parasite interactions, the scientific literature has expressed concern that the occurrence and severity of diseases may be favoured under the influence of such disturbances. Using a commonly occurring system of a zooplanktonic host (Daphnia sp.) and its fungal parasite (Metschnikowia bicuspidata), the present work examines four possible sources of interference between anthropogenically-derived environmental shifts and the performance of a highly virulent parasite in controlled infection assays. In Chapter 1, we examined the conjoint effects of elevated temperature and host diet quality on distinct parameters of host and parasite fitness. We showed that a 4°C elevation in water temperature could greatly affect the success of infection, though the direction of these effects varied widely across specific associations of host genotype and diet quality. When incorporated as major components of the host's diet, cyanobacterial species generally resulted in a sharp decrease of the parasite's reproduction. To follow up on these observations, Chapter 2 asked whether the putative antifungal effects of cyanobacteria against Metschnikowia could also apply to free-living stages of the parasite, independently of their consumption by the host. Here, prior incubation of infective stages to high concentrations of cyanobacterial extracts did not reduce the success of infection, as we suspected. However, we found similar occurrences of genotype-by-environment interactions, supporting that phytoplankton composition and host genotypic diversity are important determinants of infection success in this system. In Chapter 3, we explored a contemporary source of environmental pollution affecting freshwater bodies. We provide the first experimental evidence that polystyrene nanoplastic particles (≤ 100 nm) can modulate the outcome of infection in a zooplanktonmicroparasite system, showing that high concentrations of nanoplastics can strongly reduce the parasite's ability to produce spores within the host. Finally, to determine how climate-associated shifts in the phenology of co-occurring parasites could influence the dynamics of infection, Chapter 4 used sequential infections between our focal parasite and a competing, less virulent microsporidium (Ordospora colligata). We found evidence for priority effects at the within-host level, suggesting that prior emergence of the microsporidium in natural populations may be detrimental to the transmission of both parasites. Overall, these results provide only few examples of enhanced parasite transmission under the influence of anthropic disturbances, rather supporting that future environmental shifts will exert strong pressure on fitness traits of both hosts and parasites in this commonly occurring freshwater assemblage.
520 $a Menschliche Aktivitaten verursachen Umweltveranderungen i) auf globaler Ebene und ii) in einem noch nie dagewesenen Tempo. Neben der Freisetzung von Treibhausgasen, die weitgehend fur den anhaltenden Anstieg der durchschnittlichen Oberflachentemperatur der Erde verantwortlich ist, wurden auch andere Quellen anthropogener Storungen mit abrupten Veranderungen der abiotischen Parameter naturlicher Okosysteme in Verbindung gebracht. Vor allem Suswasserkorper auf der ganzen Welt sind mit einer Kombination aus Erwarmung, Eutrophierung und Verschmutzung durch eine Vielzahl von anthropogenen Schadstoffen konfrontiert. Da die ausere Umgebung das Ergebnis von Wirt-Parasit-Interaktionen stark beeinflussen kann, wurde in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur die Sorge geausert, dass das Auftreten und die Schwere von Krankheiten unter dem Einfluss solcher Storungen begunstigt werden konnten. Anhand eines haufig vorkommenden Systems aus einem zooplanktonischen Wirt (Daphnia sp.) und seinem Pilzparasiten (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit vier mogliche Storquellen zwischen anthropogen bedingten Umweltveranderungen und der Leistung eines hochvirulenten Parasiten in kontrollierten Infektionstests untersucht. In Kapitel 1 untersuchten wir die gemeinsamen Auswirkungen einer erhohten Temperatur und der Qualitat der Wirtsnahrung auf verschiedene Parameter der Fitness von Wirt und Parasit. Wir konnten zeigen, dass eine Erhohung der Wassertemperatur um 4 °C den Erfolg der Infektion stark beeinflussen kann, obwohl die Richtung dieser Auswirkungen je nach Wirtsgenotyp und Nahrungsqualitat stark variiert. Wenn Cyanobakterienarten als Hauptbestandteile der Nahrung des Wirts aufgenommen wurden, fuhrten sie im Allgemeinen zu einem starken Ruckgang der Reproduktion des Parasiten. Um diese Beobachtungen weiterzuverfolgen, wurde in Kapitel 2 die Frage gestellt, ob die mutmasliche antimykotische Wirkung von Cyanobakterien gegen Metschnikowia auch fur freilebende Stadien des Parasiten gelten konnte, unabhangig von ihrem Verzehr durch den Wirt. In diesem Fall fuhrte die vorherige Inkubation der infektiosen Stadien mit hohen Konzentrationen von Cyanobakterienextrakten nicht zu einer Verringerung des Infektionserfolgs, wie wir vermutet hatten. Wir fanden jedoch ahnliche Interaktionen zwischen Genotyp und Umgebung, was darauf hindeutet, dass die Zusammensetzung des Phytoplanktons und die Vielfalt der Wirtsgenotypen wichtige Faktoren fur den Infektionserfolg in diesem System sind. In Kapitel 3 untersuchten wir eine zeitgenossische Quelle der Umweltverschmutzung, die sich auf Suswasserkorper auswirkt. Wir erbrachten den ersten experimentellen Nachweis, dass Polystyrol-Nanoplastikpartikel (≤ 100 nm) das Ergebnis der Infektion in einem Zooplankton-Mikroparasiten-System beeinflussen konnen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass hohe Konzentrationen von Nanoplastik die Fahigkeit des Parasiten, Sporen im Wirt zu produzieren, stark verringern konnen. Um schlieslich festzustellen, wie klimabedingte Verschiebungen in der Phanologie von gemeinsam auftretenden Parasiten die Infektionsdynamik beeinflussen konnten, wurden in Kapitel 4 sequenzielle Infektionen zwischen unserem Hauptparasiten und einem konkurrierenden, weniger virulenten Mikrosporidium (Ordospora colligata) durchgefuhrt. Wir fanden Belege fur Prioritatseffekte innerhalb des Wirts, was darauf hindeutet, dass ein fruheres Auftreten des Mikrosporidiums in naturlichen Populationen fur die Ubertragung beider Parasiten nachteilig sein konnte. Insgesamt liefern diese Ergebnisse nur wenige Beispiele fur eine verstarkte Parasitenubertragung unter dem Einfluss anthropogener Storungen, was eher dafur spricht, dass kunftige Umweltveranderungen einen starken Druck auf die Fitnessmerkmale sowohl der Wirte als auch der Parasiten in dieser haufig vorkommenden Suswassergemeinschaft ausuben werden.
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