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Genocide Under the Cover of Civil War: An Examination of the Bolshevik Red Terror and a Question of Genocide.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Genocide Under the Cover of Civil War: An Examination of the Bolshevik Red Terror and a Question of Genocide./
作者:	Schnall, David.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2020,
面頁冊數:	143 p.
附註:	Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05.
Contained By:	Masters Abstracts International83-05.
標題:	European history. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28775289
ISBN:	9798496506649

Genocide Under the Cover of Civil War: An Examination of the Bolshevik Red Terror and a Question of Genocide.
Schnall, David.

Genocide Under the Cover of Civil War: An Examination of the Bolshevik Red Terror and a Question of Genocide. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2020 - 143 p.

Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05.

Thesis (M.A.)--Kean University, 2020.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

For historians and scholars alike, the 20th century is widely recognized as the bloodiest one-hundred-year period in human history. Despite previous human rights conventions before the 20th century, the African country of Namibia fell victim to systematic violence from 1904-1908 when the German government permitted or endorsed a campaign of extermination against the indigenous Herero and Nama people utilizing concentration camps and the military ; In the Ottoman Empire, the Young Turk government instituted a policy of genocide that resulted in the forced deportation of the Armenians, a Christian minority, to the deserts of the Middle-East. This resulted in the mass killing of an estimated two million people . These examples were the first instances of genocide in the 20th century, but not the last.The 20th century also bore witness to the first socialist communist revolution. Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia, along with the Red Army, dispersed the provincial government in Petrograd and declared victory in October of 1917. Shortly after taking control of the state, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party carried out a campaign of Red Terror against the "bourgeoisie", landowners, peasants, political enemies and national groups from 1917 to 1922. The use of concentration camps, torture, show trials, forced deportation, starvation and mass murder became the tools to ensure their revolution would remain in power, at any cost. Scholars in this area have chosen to characterize this deadly campaign as the "Red Terror."This thesis is a reexamination of revolutionary developments in Russia and will argue that this campaign has been mislabeled and, as a result, misconceived. These developments constituted not just "state terror" but also genocide. To make this case, it will revisit Raphael Lemkin's concept of genocide and how it evolved throughout the United Nations' ratification process. Despite his inclusion of political groups and his idea of cultural genocide that were included in the earlier drafts, these elements were not present in the final ratification. This thesis has two goals; the first is to resurrect Raphael Lemkin's definition of the term genocide from his later writing Introduction to the Study of Genocide, and the second is to apply it to the Bolshevik Red Terror and argue that this event constitutes genocide. Lemkin's argument, eclipsed in 1948 by the UN genocide convention, has lingered in obscurity until recently. Foregrounding Lemkin will unsettle settled wisdom.Chapter 1 consists of an introduction and five sections. The introduction begins with the ratified 1948 U.N. Genocide Convention and discusses the controversies surrounding how genocide is defined. These points of contention surround the protection of groups, the role of the state, and cultural genocide. This has given rise to scholars forming their own definitions of genocide, while others have chosen to form new terms in order to label genocidal actions taken against groups that were not included in the genocide convention. The chapter then goes on to discuss the historiography of genocide and gives examples of scholar's attempts to redefine genocide as they saw fit. Section II covers the terminology created by experts who apply the concept of genocide to groups who were omitted from the convention. Section III will briefly discuss Lemkin's writings and what his goal was when he coined the term genocide. Section IV makes the case of why scholars should adopt Lemkin's definition from Introduction to the Study of Genocide. Section V will be a literature review of the Red Terror covering the writings of Nicolas Werth and R.J. Rummel. This section will begin with the Bolsheviks seizure of the state in October of 1917 and show how violence became the tool utilized against various groups who posed a threat to the new regime.Chapter 2 will review the history of the term genocide, originally coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 magnum opus, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Although the terminology was new, the concept was originally based on Lemkin's previous legal writings on the Italian and Soviet penal codes and his attempts, in 1933, in the League of Nations to outlaw what he called crimes of "barbarism" and "vandalism." After the Second World War, Lemkin would lobby the newly established United Nations, proposing two drafts (the Secretariat Draft and the Ad Hoc Committee Draft) outlining crimes that constituted genocide and the groups that required protections. Lemkin would abandon political groups and his concept of cultural genocide in order to obtain the necessary votes for ratification.Chapter 3 will discuss the Bolshevik ideology, where it came from, and how it shaped the revolution and policies that would be implemented after the Bolsheviks seized power. The revolution itself occurred in four key historical events, and by examining how they transpired will show how violence became the primary method utilized in order to bring about the new order and suppress any opposition.Chapter 4 is centered around the Bolshevik Red Terror itself. The chapter will make the case that the Red Terror brought to a head most of the elements Lemkin described in defining genocide. It will discuss the key figures and their roles in shaping Soviet policy, as well as the goal of the Red Terror campaign. This section will examine the strategies that were employed (censorship, propaganda, concentration camps, torture, show trials, starvation and mass murder) that shows how robust and calculated the policy was. In addition, the chapter will discuss who the targeted groups were ("bourgeoisie", landowners, peasants, political enemies and national groups) and the scale in which they were either murdered or imprisoned. In conclusion, given all of the evidence put forth, an assessment will be made using Lemkin's original definition and applying it to the Bolshevik Red Terror.Lastly, the conclusion will restate the case why it is necessary to use Lemkin's expanded definition from Introduction to the Study of Genocide. When this definition is applied to the Bolshevik Red Terror it is determined that this campaign extermination was just state terror, but genocide. The conclusion also confronts a counterargument that the U.N. definition should be the only framework applied to genocide, and that any other definition could be subject to confirmation bias. It is determined that even when the U.N. definition of genocide is applied, there is still a case for classifying the Bolshevik Red Terror as a genocide.

ISBN: 9798496506649Subjects--Topical Terms:

1972904
European history.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Civil War

Genocide Under the Cover of Civil War: An Examination of the Bolshevik Red Terror and a Question of Genocide.
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500 $a Advisor: Klein, Dennis.
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506 $a This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
520 $a For historians and scholars alike, the 20th century is widely recognized as the bloodiest one-hundred-year period in human history. Despite previous human rights conventions before the 20th century, the African country of Namibia fell victim to systematic violence from 1904-1908 when the German government permitted or endorsed a campaign of extermination against the indigenous Herero and Nama people utilizing concentration camps and the military ; In the Ottoman Empire, the Young Turk government instituted a policy of genocide that resulted in the forced deportation of the Armenians, a Christian minority, to the deserts of the Middle-East. This resulted in the mass killing of an estimated two million people . These examples were the first instances of genocide in the 20th century, but not the last.The 20th century also bore witness to the first socialist communist revolution. Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolshevik Party in Russia, along with the Red Army, dispersed the provincial government in Petrograd and declared victory in October of 1917. Shortly after taking control of the state, Lenin and the Bolshevik Party carried out a campaign of Red Terror against the "bourgeoisie", landowners, peasants, political enemies and national groups from 1917 to 1922. The use of concentration camps, torture, show trials, forced deportation, starvation and mass murder became the tools to ensure their revolution would remain in power, at any cost. Scholars in this area have chosen to characterize this deadly campaign as the "Red Terror."This thesis is a reexamination of revolutionary developments in Russia and will argue that this campaign has been mislabeled and, as a result, misconceived. These developments constituted not just "state terror" but also genocide. To make this case, it will revisit Raphael Lemkin's concept of genocide and how it evolved throughout the United Nations' ratification process. Despite his inclusion of political groups and his idea of cultural genocide that were included in the earlier drafts, these elements were not present in the final ratification. This thesis has two goals; the first is to resurrect Raphael Lemkin's definition of the term genocide from his later writing Introduction to the Study of Genocide, and the second is to apply it to the Bolshevik Red Terror and argue that this event constitutes genocide. Lemkin's argument, eclipsed in 1948 by the UN genocide convention, has lingered in obscurity until recently. Foregrounding Lemkin will unsettle settled wisdom.Chapter 1 consists of an introduction and five sections. The introduction begins with the ratified 1948 U.N. Genocide Convention and discusses the controversies surrounding how genocide is defined. These points of contention surround the protection of groups, the role of the state, and cultural genocide. This has given rise to scholars forming their own definitions of genocide, while others have chosen to form new terms in order to label genocidal actions taken against groups that were not included in the genocide convention. The chapter then goes on to discuss the historiography of genocide and gives examples of scholar's attempts to redefine genocide as they saw fit. Section II covers the terminology created by experts who apply the concept of genocide to groups who were omitted from the convention. Section III will briefly discuss Lemkin's writings and what his goal was when he coined the term genocide. Section IV makes the case of why scholars should adopt Lemkin's definition from Introduction to the Study of Genocide. Section V will be a literature review of the Red Terror covering the writings of Nicolas Werth and R.J. Rummel. This section will begin with the Bolsheviks seizure of the state in October of 1917 and show how violence became the tool utilized against various groups who posed a threat to the new regime.Chapter 2 will review the history of the term genocide, originally coined by Raphael Lemkin in his 1944 magnum opus, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. Although the terminology was new, the concept was originally based on Lemkin's previous legal writings on the Italian and Soviet penal codes and his attempts, in 1933, in the League of Nations to outlaw what he called crimes of "barbarism" and "vandalism." After the Second World War, Lemkin would lobby the newly established United Nations, proposing two drafts (the Secretariat Draft and the Ad Hoc Committee Draft) outlining crimes that constituted genocide and the groups that required protections. Lemkin would abandon political groups and his concept of cultural genocide in order to obtain the necessary votes for ratification.Chapter 3 will discuss the Bolshevik ideology, where it came from, and how it shaped the revolution and policies that would be implemented after the Bolsheviks seized power. The revolution itself occurred in four key historical events, and by examining how they transpired will show how violence became the primary method utilized in order to bring about the new order and suppress any opposition.Chapter 4 is centered around the Bolshevik Red Terror itself. The chapter will make the case that the Red Terror brought to a head most of the elements Lemkin described in defining genocide. It will discuss the key figures and their roles in shaping Soviet policy, as well as the goal of the Red Terror campaign. This section will examine the strategies that were employed (censorship, propaganda, concentration camps, torture, show trials, starvation and mass murder) that shows how robust and calculated the policy was. In addition, the chapter will discuss who the targeted groups were ("bourgeoisie", landowners, peasants, political enemies and national groups) and the scale in which they were either murdered or imprisoned. In conclusion, given all of the evidence put forth, an assessment will be made using Lemkin's original definition and applying it to the Bolshevik Red Terror.Lastly, the conclusion will restate the case why it is necessary to use Lemkin's expanded definition from Introduction to the Study of Genocide. When this definition is applied to the Bolshevik Red Terror it is determined that this campaign extermination was just state terror, but genocide. The conclusion also confronts a counterargument that the U.N. definition should be the only framework applied to genocide, and that any other definition could be subject to confirmation bias. It is determined that even when the U.N. definition of genocide is applied, there is still a case for classifying the Bolshevik Red Terror as a genocide.
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