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Grasping the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Local Context: Case Study: Karawang Regency, Indonesia.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Grasping the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Local Context: Case Study: Karawang Regency, Indonesia./
Author:	Purwanto, Aries.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2021,
Description:	176 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International83-05B.
Subject:	Livestock. -
Online resource:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28760932
ISBN:	9798494449658

Grasping the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Local Context: Case Study: Karawang Regency, Indonesia.
Purwanto, Aries.

Grasping the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Local Context: Case Study: Karawang Regency, Indonesia. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2021 - 176 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 83-05, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wageningen University and Research, 2021.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Despite an abundance in natural and human resources, Indonesia has not been able to significantly improve the level of water, energy, and food (WEF) security. Challenges in achieving WEF security targets mostly relate to resource mismanagement, lack of coordination, authority imbalance among sectors, and overlapping roles and responsibility among levels of government. The immature process of the decentralization has made these challenges even more complex; it is not easy to unify the vision of local governments (i.e. 34 provinces, 416 regencies, 98 cities) with the Regional Head who is elected every 5 years and sometimes brings different goals and development approaches.The lack of information, awareness, coordination and a common framework to bridge the gaps between national and local governments, jeopardizes the attainment of WEF security targets which have been set in the national long-term planning (RPJPN) and mid-term planning (RPJMN). Unfortunately, this complex issue has not received the attention it deserves, from a scientific perspective nor from a practical implementation point of view such as through laws, policies and planning processes.This research addresses these knowledge and implementation gaps by analysing the interlinkages among variables in the WEF system using the nexus approach which integrates management and governance across sectors and scales. The main objective of this research is to grasp the WEF security nexus in the local context and to evaluate the implications of planned local interventions in WEF sectors by developing a conceptual and quantitative analysis framework and employing system dynamics modelling through a stakeholder engagement and co-development process. The Karawang Regency in Indonesia is chosen as an illustrative case study as it represents all challenges and variables at the local level of WEF security nexus.The first part of this study identifies knowledge gaps and common critiques on the WEF nexus framework that have emerged since the concept was proposed. It analyses current improvements of the WEF nexus concept, applications and impacts during the period of 2012-2020. By reviewing 10 existing WEF nexus frameworks, several gaps and omissions as well as their possible improvements are identified. Four principles that must be of serious consideration in developing the future WEF nexus framework and improving the WEF nexus-related studies are proposed, i.e. to make them more understandable, to make them adaptable to many diverse situations, to ensure reliable and valid data, and to be applicable across scales. The perspective of "from local to global" and locally-based WEF resource management are also suggested to ensure that WEF security can be achieved sustainably in local communities and they will help towards national and global targets.Secondly, several strategies and their practical implementation for WEF-related sectors in the study area are formulated using the composite method of Location Quotient (LQ) and Competitive Position (CP). This method assesses the agglomeration level and growth potential in each WEF sector, locating them in a four-quadrant matrix. Quadrant I, signifying the advantaged cluster, contains 1 sector (energy-related sector); quadrant II, signifying the potential cluster contains 1 sector (water-related sector) and 2 sub-sectors (estate & horticulture crops and water supply sub-sectors); none of sector in quadrant III or capable cluster, while 1 sector (food-related sector) and 4 sub-sectors (food crops, electricity, livestock, and fishery sub-sectors) fall in quadrant IV, the disadvantaged cluster. The analysis shows that the general characteristics of WEF-related sectors in a region can be clearly distinguished based on its main economic development focus. This preliminary economic-based evaluation gives a better understanding and more comprehensive insights for policy-makers and other stakeholders, although the clear interrelation among variables and sectors is not assessed at this stage of analysis.The third set of results shows that participatory or group model building is beneficial in assisting local stakeholders to grasp the complexity of the WEF security system. The group model building approach covers all major internal and external factors and drivers, including possible feedback mechanisms and key variables to be further analysed. A qualitative Karawang WEF security (K-WEFS) model is established with stakeholders, and is composed of six sub-models with water, energy and food sectors as internal factors and population, economy and ecosystem services as external drivers. The collaborative action plan, using system dynamics analysis and group model building, not only can be implemented in WEF sectors but also other development planning and policy-making process such as infrastructure, trade and services, monetary, transportation etc. Fourthly, building on the qualitative K-WEFS model, a quantitative stock-flow diagram (SFD) is developed. By employing STELLA® professional software, three planned policy interventions in WEF-related sectors are modelled in an integrated way. The impacts on the available resources per person (APP) and self-sufficiency levels (SSL) of resources are analysed in four scenarios, including business as usual and several combinations of planned interventions. Implications are based on model simulation, while possible practical actions are derived from both model simulation and other considerations, such as local planning ambitions, national programs, local experts and modeller's opinion. Several potentially unanticipated and indirect impacts of policy interventions are also highlighted in this quantitative simulation.Results and findings in this study, derived from the K-WEFS nexus framework are expected to assist the local planner and decision-makers to deal with challenges in WEF resource management by making trade-offs explicit, building synergies among WEF related sectors and eventually improving the WEF security target's achievement.

ISBN: 9798494449658Subjects--Topical Terms:

539534
Livestock.

Grasping the Water, Energy, and Food Security Nexus in the Local Context: Case Study: Karawang Regency, Indonesia.
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Unfortunately, this complex issue has not received the attention it deserves, from a scientific perspective nor from a practical implementation point of view such as through laws, policies and planning processes.This research addresses these knowledge and implementation gaps by analysing the interlinkages among variables in the WEF system using the nexus approach which integrates management and governance across sectors and scales. The main objective of this research is to grasp the WEF security nexus in the local context and to evaluate the implications of planned local interventions in WEF sectors by developing a conceptual and quantitative analysis framework and employing system dynamics modelling through a stakeholder engagement and co-development process. The Karawang Regency in Indonesia is chosen as an illustrative case study as it represents all challenges and variables at the local level of WEF security nexus.The first part of this study identifies knowledge gaps and common critiques on the WEF nexus framework that have emerged since the concept was proposed. It analyses current improvements of the WEF nexus concept, applications and impacts during the period of 2012-2020. By reviewing 10 existing WEF nexus frameworks, several gaps and omissions as well as their possible improvements are identified. Four principles that must be of serious consideration in developing the future WEF nexus framework and improving the WEF nexus-related studies are proposed, i.e. to make them more understandable, to make them adaptable to many diverse situations, to ensure reliable and valid data, and to be applicable across scales. The perspective of "from local to global" and locally-based WEF resource management are also suggested to ensure that WEF security can be achieved sustainably in local communities and they will help towards national and global targets.Secondly, several strategies and their practical implementation for WEF-related sectors in the study area are formulated using the composite method of Location Quotient (LQ) and Competitive Position (CP). This method assesses the agglomeration level and growth potential in each WEF sector, locating them in a four-quadrant matrix. Quadrant I, signifying the advantaged cluster, contains 1 sector (energy-related sector); quadrant II, signifying the potential cluster contains 1 sector (water-related sector) and 2 sub-sectors (estate & horticulture crops and water supply sub-sectors); none of sector in quadrant III or capable cluster, while 1 sector (food-related sector) and 4 sub-sectors (food crops, electricity, livestock, and fishery sub-sectors) fall in quadrant IV, the disadvantaged cluster. The analysis shows that the general characteristics of WEF-related sectors in a region can be clearly distinguished based on its main economic development focus. This preliminary economic-based evaluation gives a better understanding and more comprehensive insights for policy-makers and other stakeholders, although the clear interrelation among variables and sectors is not assessed at this stage of analysis.The third set of results shows that participatory or group model building is beneficial in assisting local stakeholders to grasp the complexity of the WEF security system. The group model building approach covers all major internal and external factors and drivers, including possible feedback mechanisms and key variables to be further analysed. A qualitative Karawang WEF security (K-WEFS) model is established with stakeholders, and is composed of six sub-models with water, energy and food sectors as internal factors and population, economy and ecosystem services as external drivers. The collaborative action plan, using system dynamics analysis and group model building, not only can be implemented in WEF sectors but also other development planning and policy-making process such as infrastructure, trade and services, monetary, transportation etc. Fourthly, building on the qualitative K-WEFS model, a quantitative stock-flow diagram (SFD) is developed. By employing STELLA® professional software, three planned policy interventions in WEF-related sectors are modelled in an integrated way. The impacts on the available resources per person (APP) and self-sufficiency levels (SSL) of resources are analysed in four scenarios, including business as usual and several combinations of planned interventions. Implications are based on model simulation, while possible practical actions are derived from both model simulation and other considerations, such as local planning ambitions, national programs, local experts and modeller's opinion. Several potentially unanticipated and indirect impacts of policy interventions are also highlighted in this quantitative simulation.Results and findings in this study, derived from the K-WEFS nexus framework are expected to assist the local planner and decision-makers to deal with challenges in WEF resource management by making trade-offs explicit, building synergies among WEF related sectors and eventually improving the WEF security target's achievement.
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