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Food Additives: Understanding Usage to Monitor Health Outcomes.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Food Additives: Understanding Usage to Monitor Health Outcomes./
作者:	Lehmkuhler, Arlie Lauren.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2021,
面頁冊數:	167 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-12, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International82-12B.
標題:	Analytical chemistry. -
電子資源:	https://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=28318951
ISBN:	9798738653384

Food Additives: Understanding Usage to Monitor Health Outcomes.
Lehmkuhler, Arlie Lauren.

Food Additives: Understanding Usage to Monitor Health Outcomes. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2021 - 167 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 82-12, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2021.

This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.

Food additives have been used for thousands of years to manipulate food products in order to maintain quality, to extend shelf life, increase appeal and to enhance flavor. The first chapter of this dissertation provides a review of the history and use of food additives in the U.S. The use of additives in foods is regulated to minimize adulteration of whole foods and food products. Agencies such as United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and the Joint Executive Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) create policy to limit additives showing any level of harm, such as carcinogenicity. The establishment of accepted daily intake (ADI) helped regulate levels of all food additives across various food products. A large proportion of controversy behind the use of food additives is color additives and their approval decisions. The seven food dyes approved for use in the U.S. include FD&C Red 40, Red 3, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, Blue 2, and Green 2, but this list is more expansive when including the discussion of color additives in drugs. In the United States, color additives have to empirically demonstrate low levels of potential harm and have to be certified by a regulatory organization before being used in consumable products. For each food dye, the ADIs do vary from country to country, meaning there is no universal understanding on acceptable exposure levels of certified food dyes in consumable products. Conversely, innovative uses of approved, safe food additives are just being realized. For example, one use could be as a chemical marker to monitor adherence (i.e. consumption) in nutrition intervention studies. Potential food additives, i.e. naturally occurring markers in food measured to monitor consumption or common food additives, have potential to objectively measure if study participants are following consumption protocol. Exploration of various food additives, or naturally occurring markers used as pure ingredients, can solve problems unanswered by the tools we have today. The second chapter addresses a controversial use of food additives, specifically coloring agents in consumable products marketed to children. Herein the amount of dye consumed from over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) and vitamins was evaluated and related to the ADIs calculated for children. Although, a few studies have examined the amount of certified food dye in numerous foods, we recognized that food was not the only contributing factor to total food dye consumption. A method was developed and is described for the quantification of certified food dyes using high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Seven categories of OTCs and vitamins, including children's cough/cold/allergy syrup, children's pain reliever syrup, children's cough/cold/allergy tablets, children's pain reliever tablets children's gummy vitamins, children's tablet vitamins, and prenatal vitamins, were identified and then evaluated to identify dye exposure for children and pregnant women with respect to chronic, subchronic, and acute consumption. FD&C Red No.40 was the highest contributor in all categories where it is present, though no one product contributed higher than 3% of the accepted daily intake (ADI). In Chapter 3 we demonstrate an innovative use for food additives in solving current issues related to monitoring adherence in nutritional intervention studies. There is great need for an objective method to monitor adherence in nutritional and clinical trials in order to quantitatively link biological outcomes with nutrient/bioactive/drug intake. Currently, methods being used to monitor consumption rely on indirect methods such as dietary recall and unreliable. The pharmacokinetic properties of over 30 food additives were evaluated. Additives had to fit various criteria including excretion in urine at quantifiable levels, absence in the common diet of the study participant, and shelf-life stability in the small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplement (SQ-LNS) used in nutritional intervention studies. Saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol were determined to have the highest potential of meeting all criteria.Chapter 4 describes the development of a quantification method using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol in urine. A detailed description of the procedures used to optimize the method is described. A study of 47 women established a significant difference in baseline urine and urine collected between 0-4 hours for saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol metabolites, determining that this method works for future trials. Saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate were quantified in urine samples to monitor consumption of SQ-LNS, as sucralose levels in urine demonstrated too low of levels for quantification and trans-resveratrol glucuronides were excessive to monitor when trans-resveratrol sulfate was over 70% of detected metabolites alone. Chapter 5 describes the analysis of saliva samples collected during the same trial of 47 women described above to determine if saccharin or trans-resveratrol could be quantified in saliva. Though preliminary extraction methods determined that neither trans-resveratrol nor its metabolites could be quantified, saccharin was successfully quantified in saliva samples. The saccharin quantified in the saliva samples from the trials did not match the expected pattern determined from saccharin excretion in the urine samples, most likely due to non-compliance by participants. Results demonstrate that levels of saccharin in saliva do not correlate with consumption and are not useful to monitor adherence in nutritional intervention studies, though the method could determine saccharin in saliva and could be used in a different study examining saccharin presence in the mouth. The quantification of vitamins and OTCs started an effort to periodically monitor certified food dye levels in drugs and other consumable products, outside of only food. Monitoring how dye content changes with time as food and manufacturing trends change becomes important for understanding how much dye children intake. This encourages examining other markets for dye exposure past only consumption. Additionally, color additives should be evaluated as scientific knowledge grows to better understand potential toxicological outcomes, specifically for neurobehavioral effects. Advancements in scientific knowledge, especially in the gut-brain axis, encourage re-examination of certified dyes currently in the food market periodically. Food additives can be useful to solve issues such as monitor adherence to nutritional intervention studies. Objective measures that are non-invasive allow monitoring of adherence to the nutritional study in order to evaluate product design and health outcomes. The food additives chosen, saccharin and trans-resveratrol, can be used universally as adherence markers, along with the rapid quantification method, to address a high throughput of samples in large studies around the world. Urine quantification for monitoring compliance is the optimal choice, as saliva monitoring was determined ineffective for this study.

ISBN: 9798738653384Subjects--Topical Terms:

3168300
Analytical chemistry.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Food Additives

Food Additives: Understanding Usage to Monitor Health Outcomes.
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520 $a Food additives have been used for thousands of years to manipulate food products in order to maintain quality, to extend shelf life, increase appeal and to enhance flavor. The first chapter of this dissertation provides a review of the history and use of food additives in the U.S. The use of additives in foods is regulated to minimize adulteration of whole foods and food products. Agencies such as United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) and the Joint Executive Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) create policy to limit additives showing any level of harm, such as carcinogenicity. The establishment of accepted daily intake (ADI) helped regulate levels of all food additives across various food products. A large proportion of controversy behind the use of food additives is color additives and their approval decisions. The seven food dyes approved for use in the U.S. include FD&C Red 40, Red 3, Yellow 5, Yellow 6, Blue 1, Blue 2, and Green 2, but this list is more expansive when including the discussion of color additives in drugs. In the United States, color additives have to empirically demonstrate low levels of potential harm and have to be certified by a regulatory organization before being used in consumable products. For each food dye, the ADIs do vary from country to country, meaning there is no universal understanding on acceptable exposure levels of certified food dyes in consumable products. Conversely, innovative uses of approved, safe food additives are just being realized. For example, one use could be as a chemical marker to monitor adherence (i.e. consumption) in nutrition intervention studies. Potential food additives, i.e. naturally occurring markers in food measured to monitor consumption or common food additives, have potential to objectively measure if study participants are following consumption protocol. Exploration of various food additives, or naturally occurring markers used as pure ingredients, can solve problems unanswered by the tools we have today. The second chapter addresses a controversial use of food additives, specifically coloring agents in consumable products marketed to children. Herein the amount of dye consumed from over-the-counter medicines (OTCs) and vitamins was evaluated and related to the ADIs calculated for children. Although, a few studies have examined the amount of certified food dye in numerous foods, we recognized that food was not the only contributing factor to total food dye consumption. A method was developed and is described for the quantification of certified food dyes using high performance liquid chromatography photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA). Seven categories of OTCs and vitamins, including children's cough/cold/allergy syrup, children's pain reliever syrup, children's cough/cold/allergy tablets, children's pain reliever tablets children's gummy vitamins, children's tablet vitamins, and prenatal vitamins, were identified and then evaluated to identify dye exposure for children and pregnant women with respect to chronic, subchronic, and acute consumption. FD&C Red No.40 was the highest contributor in all categories where it is present, though no one product contributed higher than 3% of the accepted daily intake (ADI). In Chapter 3 we demonstrate an innovative use for food additives in solving current issues related to monitoring adherence in nutritional intervention studies. There is great need for an objective method to monitor adherence in nutritional and clinical trials in order to quantitatively link biological outcomes with nutrient/bioactive/drug intake. Currently, methods being used to monitor consumption rely on indirect methods such as dietary recall and unreliable. The pharmacokinetic properties of over 30 food additives were evaluated. Additives had to fit various criteria including excretion in urine at quantifiable levels, absence in the common diet of the study participant, and shelf-life stability in the small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplement (SQ-LNS) used in nutritional intervention studies. Saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol were determined to have the highest potential of meeting all criteria.Chapter 4 describes the development of a quantification method using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol in urine. A detailed description of the procedures used to optimize the method is described. A study of 47 women established a significant difference in baseline urine and urine collected between 0-4 hours for saccharin, sucralose, and trans-resveratrol metabolites, determining that this method works for future trials. Saccharin and trans-resveratrol-3-O-sulfate were quantified in urine samples to monitor consumption of SQ-LNS, as sucralose levels in urine demonstrated too low of levels for quantification and trans-resveratrol glucuronides were excessive to monitor when trans-resveratrol sulfate was over 70% of detected metabolites alone. Chapter 5 describes the analysis of saliva samples collected during the same trial of 47 women described above to determine if saccharin or trans-resveratrol could be quantified in saliva. Though preliminary extraction methods determined that neither trans-resveratrol nor its metabolites could be quantified, saccharin was successfully quantified in saliva samples. The saccharin quantified in the saliva samples from the trials did not match the expected pattern determined from saccharin excretion in the urine samples, most likely due to non-compliance by participants. Results demonstrate that levels of saccharin in saliva do not correlate with consumption and are not useful to monitor adherence in nutritional intervention studies, though the method could determine saccharin in saliva and could be used in a different study examining saccharin presence in the mouth. The quantification of vitamins and OTCs started an effort to periodically monitor certified food dye levels in drugs and other consumable products, outside of only food. Monitoring how dye content changes with time as food and manufacturing trends change becomes important for understanding how much dye children intake. This encourages examining other markets for dye exposure past only consumption. Additionally, color additives should be evaluated as scientific knowledge grows to better understand potential toxicological outcomes, specifically for neurobehavioral effects. Advancements in scientific knowledge, especially in the gut-brain axis, encourage re-examination of certified dyes currently in the food market periodically. Food additives can be useful to solve issues such as monitor adherence to nutritional intervention studies. Objective measures that are non-invasive allow monitoring of adherence to the nutritional study in order to evaluate product design and health outcomes. The food additives chosen, saccharin and trans-resveratrol, can be used universally as adherence markers, along with the rapid quantification method, to address a high throughput of samples in large studies around the world. Urine quantification for monitoring compliance is the optimal choice, as saliva monitoring was determined ineffective for this study.
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