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Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean./
Author:	Marler, Hillary .
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2019,
Description:	105 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-02, Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertations Abstracts International81-02B.
Subject:	Toxicology. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=13815260
ISBN:	9781085559508

Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
Marler, Hillary .

Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2019 - 105 p.

Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-02, Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2019.

This item is not available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.

Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in a variety of consumer products, including electronics, textiles, vehicles, furniture foams, and children's toys. Many of these chemicals are halogenated compounds that are persistent in the environment over long periods of time and are known or suspected endocrine disruptors. As a result, FRs may have a variety of negative health effects on humans and wildlife. Following the discontinuation of commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures, a variety of alternative FRs have been developed and employed. In comparison with legacy FRs, relatively little is known about the ability of these emerging FRs to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in various systems. The primary objective of my dissertation was to better understand the contamination status of both legacy and emerging FR in the biota of the northwestern Atlantic Specifically my objectives were to (1) identify and quantify legacy and emerging FRs in high trophic level predator species (sharks) of the northwestern Atlantic, (2) determine Tropic Magnification Factors (TMFs) for legacy and emerging FRs within the same food web, and (3) evaluate the maternal transfer of a variety of brominated and chlorinated FRs in viviparous Atlantic sharks.To address my first objective (Chapter 1), I utilized liver samples from four shark species sampled from coastal and offshore waters of the northeastern United States. I analyzed these samples for PBDEs, dechlorane plus-related compounds, and brominated alternative FRs. Median concentrations of emerging FRs, including dechlorane analogues (i.e., dechlorane plus, Dec-602, -603, and -604), tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene (TBCT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ) ranged from 1.4-7.4, 10.2-22.4, 1.0 -16.7, and 4.1-17.7 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in these shark species. Although concentrations of emerging FRs were generally 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy FRs (i.e., PBDEs, 312-800 ng/g lw and hexabromocyclododecane, 17.2-99.3 ng/g lw), they were detected in more than 80% of the shark livers analyzed. My findings suggest broad exposure of northwestern North Atlantic wildlife to a number of emerging FRs, including dechloranes, BTBPE, HBBZ, and TBCT. Their bioaccumulation in Atlantic sharks indicates the need for additional studies to elucidate their potential risks to humans, fish and wildlife as well as the variety of environmental and biological factors influencing these risks.To address my second objective (Chapter 2), I included additional species collected from coastal and offshore waters of the northeastern US to expand the trophic levels represented in this food web study. I utilized tissue samples to assess chemical residues and estimate trophic level in shortfin mako shark, tiger shark, sandbar shark, porbeagle, striped bass, mullet, Littorina, ribbed mussel, mummichog, and Atlantic silverside. Median trophic levels for these species ranged from 2.0-4.5 based on stable isotope analysis. Median concentrations of total PBDEs in these species ranged from 18.2-780 ng/g lw, while median concentrations of total Dechloranes ranged from 0.8-7.5 ng/g lw. Statistically significant trophic magnification factors for individual PBDE congeners ranged from 4.4-11.0, and from 1.4-2.6 for individual dechlorane analogues. The TMF for total PBDEs was 3.3, while the TMF for total dechlorane related compounds was 2.2. No statistically significant TMFs were observed for the other alternative FRs assessed, including TBOCT, HBBZ, BB-101, and BTBPE. Therefore, this study indicates that some alternative FRs, namely dechlorane relate compounds, do biomagnify within this food web. However, alternative FR TMFs are generally lower than legacy FR TMFs, indicating that these alternative FRs do biomagnify, but do so less readily than their predecessors.To address my third objective (Chapter 3), I analyzed liver tissues from pregnant sharks of five viviparous species and their embryos for a suite of emerging and legacy FRs. All samples were collected in coastal waters of Florida, USA. Concentrations of frequently detected emerging FRs in adult female blacknose sharks were 6.1-83.3 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for dechlorane analogues, 2.5-29.8 ng/g lw for tetrabromo-ochlorotoluene, and nondetection -32.6 ng/g lw for hexabromobenzene. These concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy PBDEs (85.7-398 ng/g lw). Similar contamination profiles were also found in the other four species, although FR concentrations varied by species. A total of 21 FRs were commonly found in developing embryos of female sharks from five species, demonstrating maternal transfer in utero. The maternal transfer ratio (i.e., ratio of the mean litter concentration to their mother's concentration) determined in blacknose shark mother/embryo groups for each FR chemical was negatively associated with its octanol-water partition coefficient. This work lays a solid foundation for future investigation of the underlying mechanisms of in utero transfer and additional physical or chemical factors that affect maternal transfer of FRs.

ISBN: 9781085559508Subjects--Topical Terms:

556884
Toxicology.
Subjects--Index Terms:

Dechloranes

Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
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245 1 0 $a Bioaccumulation, Trophic Magnification, and Maternal Transfer of Legacy and Alternative Flame Retardants in Sharks of the Northwestern Atlantic Ocean.
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300 $a 105 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertations Abstracts International, Volume: 81-02, Section: B.
500 $a Advisor: Nielsen, Clayton K.;Chen, Da.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2019.
506 $a This item is not available from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses.
506 $a This item must not be sold to any third party vendors.
506 $a This item must not be added to any third party search indexes.
520 $a Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in a variety of consumer products, including electronics, textiles, vehicles, furniture foams, and children's toys. Many of these chemicals are halogenated compounds that are persistent in the environment over long periods of time and are known or suspected endocrine disruptors. As a result, FRs may have a variety of negative health effects on humans and wildlife. Following the discontinuation of commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixtures, a variety of alternative FRs have been developed and employed. In comparison with legacy FRs, relatively little is known about the ability of these emerging FRs to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in various systems. The primary objective of my dissertation was to better understand the contamination status of both legacy and emerging FR in the biota of the northwestern Atlantic Specifically my objectives were to (1) identify and quantify legacy and emerging FRs in high trophic level predator species (sharks) of the northwestern Atlantic, (2) determine Tropic Magnification Factors (TMFs) for legacy and emerging FRs within the same food web, and (3) evaluate the maternal transfer of a variety of brominated and chlorinated FRs in viviparous Atlantic sharks.To address my first objective (Chapter 1), I utilized liver samples from four shark species sampled from coastal and offshore waters of the northeastern United States. I analyzed these samples for PBDEs, dechlorane plus-related compounds, and brominated alternative FRs. Median concentrations of emerging FRs, including dechlorane analogues (i.e., dechlorane plus, Dec-602, -603, and -604), tetrabromo-o-chlorotoluene (TBCT), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE), and hexabromobenzene (HBBZ) ranged from 1.4-7.4, 10.2-22.4, 1.0 -16.7, and 4.1-17.7 ng/g lipid weight (lw) in these shark species. Although concentrations of emerging FRs were generally 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy FRs (i.e., PBDEs, 312-800 ng/g lw and hexabromocyclododecane, 17.2-99.3 ng/g lw), they were detected in more than 80% of the shark livers analyzed. My findings suggest broad exposure of northwestern North Atlantic wildlife to a number of emerging FRs, including dechloranes, BTBPE, HBBZ, and TBCT. Their bioaccumulation in Atlantic sharks indicates the need for additional studies to elucidate their potential risks to humans, fish and wildlife as well as the variety of environmental and biological factors influencing these risks.To address my second objective (Chapter 2), I included additional species collected from coastal and offshore waters of the northeastern US to expand the trophic levels represented in this food web study. I utilized tissue samples to assess chemical residues and estimate trophic level in shortfin mako shark, tiger shark, sandbar shark, porbeagle, striped bass, mullet, Littorina, ribbed mussel, mummichog, and Atlantic silverside. Median trophic levels for these species ranged from 2.0-4.5 based on stable isotope analysis. Median concentrations of total PBDEs in these species ranged from 18.2-780 ng/g lw, while median concentrations of total Dechloranes ranged from 0.8-7.5 ng/g lw. Statistically significant trophic magnification factors for individual PBDE congeners ranged from 4.4-11.0, and from 1.4-2.6 for individual dechlorane analogues. The TMF for total PBDEs was 3.3, while the TMF for total dechlorane related compounds was 2.2. No statistically significant TMFs were observed for the other alternative FRs assessed, including TBOCT, HBBZ, BB-101, and BTBPE. Therefore, this study indicates that some alternative FRs, namely dechlorane relate compounds, do biomagnify within this food web. However, alternative FR TMFs are generally lower than legacy FR TMFs, indicating that these alternative FRs do biomagnify, but do so less readily than their predecessors.To address my third objective (Chapter 3), I analyzed liver tissues from pregnant sharks of five viviparous species and their embryos for a suite of emerging and legacy FRs. All samples were collected in coastal waters of Florida, USA. Concentrations of frequently detected emerging FRs in adult female blacknose sharks were 6.1-83.3 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for dechlorane analogues, 2.5-29.8 ng/g lw for tetrabromo-ochlorotoluene, and nondetection -32.6 ng/g lw for hexabromobenzene. These concentrations were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than those of legacy PBDEs (85.7-398 ng/g lw). Similar contamination profiles were also found in the other four species, although FR concentrations varied by species. A total of 21 FRs were commonly found in developing embryos of female sharks from five species, demonstrating maternal transfer in utero. The maternal transfer ratio (i.e., ratio of the mean litter concentration to their mother's concentration) determined in blacknose shark mother/embryo groups for each FR chemical was negatively associated with its octanol-water partition coefficient. This work lays a solid foundation for future investigation of the underlying mechanisms of in utero transfer and additional physical or chemical factors that affect maternal transfer of FRs.
590 $a School code: 0209.
650 4 $a Toxicology. $3 556884
650 4 $a Environmental science. $3 677245
650 4 $a Zoology. $3 518878
653 $a Dechloranes
653 $a Maternal transfer
653 $a Northwestern Atlantic Ocean
653 $a Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
653 $a Shark
653 $a Trophic magnfication
690 $a 0383
690 $a 0768
690 $a 0472
710 2 $a Southern Illinois University at Carbondale. $b Zoology. $3 1030339
773 0 $t Dissertations Abstracts International $g 81-02B.
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791 $a Ph.D.
792 $a 2019
793 $a English
856 4 0 $u http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=13815260