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Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone,...

McClure, Crystal DeAnn.

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Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S.

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S./
Author:	McClure, Crystal DeAnn.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2018,
Description:	169 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-12(E), Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International79-12B(E).
Subject:	Atmospheric chemistry. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=10827756
ISBN:	9780438175907

Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S.
McClure, Crystal DeAnn.

Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2018 - 169 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-12(E), Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2018.

Wildfires (or Biomass Burning events) in the northwest U.S. have been increasing in size and frequency throughout the last few decades. This significantly affects vulnerable populations through hazardous fine particulate matter (diameter < 2.5 microm [PM2.5]) and/or ozone (O3) exposure, loss of habitat and homes, and causes disruption of outdoor activities throughout the summer season. While the U.S. EPA regulates many hazardous pollutants through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the protection of human health, during wildfire events, these pollutants can reach dangerous levels. In most cases, these exceedances of the NAAQS during wildfire events cannot be controlled. While we cannot completely control wildfires, we can endeavor to understand how the emissions from these events affects our air quality. In order to accomplish this, we must first determine how to trace and attribute different pollution events to wildfire emissions. This goal is highlighted by the probability of wildfire occurrence, which is predicted to increase through the end of the century. This dissertation provides results from three studies which investigate the impact of wildfires in the northwest U.S. by tracing their emissions. First, I investigate the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its use as a tracer for biomass burning. Secondly, I use historical PM2.5 data to determine which areas in the U.S. are seeing significant increases in PM due to wildfires. Lastly, I investigate the attribution of wildfire-influence to high O3 days seen in urban areas using observations and modelling.

ISBN: 9780438175907Subjects--Topical Terms:

544140
Atmospheric chemistry.

Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S.
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245 1 0 $a Impacts of Biomass Burning on Ozone, Particulate Matter, and Carbon Dioxide in the Northwest U.S.
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500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-12(E), Section: B.
500 $a Adviser: Daniel A. Jaffe.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2018.
520 $a Wildfires (or Biomass Burning events) in the northwest U.S. have been increasing in size and frequency throughout the last few decades. This significantly affects vulnerable populations through hazardous fine particulate matter (diameter < 2.5 microm [PM2.5]) and/or ozone (O3) exposure, loss of habitat and homes, and causes disruption of outdoor activities throughout the summer season. While the U.S. EPA regulates many hazardous pollutants through the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for the protection of human health, during wildfire events, these pollutants can reach dangerous levels. In most cases, these exceedances of the NAAQS during wildfire events cannot be controlled. While we cannot completely control wildfires, we can endeavor to understand how the emissions from these events affects our air quality. In order to accomplish this, we must first determine how to trace and attribute different pollution events to wildfire emissions. This goal is highlighted by the probability of wildfire occurrence, which is predicted to increase through the end of the century. This dissertation provides results from three studies which investigate the impact of wildfires in the northwest U.S. by tracing their emissions. First, I investigate the role of carbon dioxide (CO2) and its use as a tracer for biomass burning. Secondly, I use historical PM2.5 data to determine which areas in the U.S. are seeing significant increases in PM due to wildfires. Lastly, I investigate the attribution of wildfire-influence to high O3 days seen in urban areas using observations and modelling.
520 $a To investigate the role of CO2 as a tracer for biomass burning, I used data from the Mount Bachelor Observatory (MBO) in central Oregon for 2012--2014. First I investigated the variations in CO2 in the free troposphere (FT) and boundary layer (BL) to determine variations due to wildfires, different transport patterns, and seasonal variations. For all seasons, I found that FT air had a higher average CO2 mixing ratio than BL air. BL air was most often observed during the afternoon and evening (12--20 PST), while FT air was most often observed during the night and early morning (20--8 PST) due to the role of up-slope and down-slope flow, respectively. Fall and summer showed the lowest mixing ratios of CO 2, while winter and spring showed the highest due to uptake and respiration of vegetation, respectively. The maximum daily change in CO2 was found during spring and summer. Using HYSPLIT back-trajectories and cluster analyses during spring months, I determined that the highest CO2 mixing ratios were also associated with the highest O3 and lowest water vapor mixing ratios. I also looked at four case studies (one long-range transport and three wildfire events) that showed significant variations in CO2. During one of the wildfire events, I saw the expected profile, large enhancements of CO2 that were well correlated with carbon monoxide (CO). However, in a different wildfire case, CO2 decreased during the event. This was likely caused by uptake of CO2 during BL transport, which counteracted the enhancements from wildfire emissions. This event also provided insight into the variations of a typically used wildfire tracer, CO2, and showed that it is not always reliable. Significant variations in downwind CO2 mixing ratios may also influence metrics that use CO2 in the calculations, such as modified combustion efficiency (MCE).
520 $a Assessing historical data from rural monitoring sites (IMPROVE sites) across the contiguous U.S., I evaluated PM2.5 trends during 1988--2016. To calculate trends in the policy-relevant 98th quantile of PM2.5¬, I use Quantile Regression (QR). This methodology allows me to estimate changes, not only in the mean, but in the full distribution. I also use Kriging and Gaussian Geostatistical Simulations to interpolate changes in PM2.5 trends between monitoring sites. Overall, the 98th quantile PM2.5 showed a positive trend in the northwest U.S. (average = 0.24 +/- 0.15 microg/m3/yr [+/- 95% CI]). This was in contrast with overall negative trends in the 98th quantile PM2.5 observed in the rest of the country (average --0.56 +/- 0.10 microg/m3/yr). The decrease in the rest of the country is likely due to the reduction in anthropogenic emissions seen in recent years. I also evaluated 98th quantile trends in total carbon (TC) and sulfate across the country to examine the effects of wildfire and anthropogenic emissions on the PM2.5 trends, respectively. This analysis showed a positive trend in TC and no trend in sulfate across the northwest U.S., which confirmed the influence of wildfire activity on positive PM2.5 trends. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).
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