Pipeline leak detection handbook /
Henrie, Morgan,

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  • Pipeline leak detection handbook /
  • 紀錄類型: 書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
    正題名/作者: Pipeline leak detection handbook // Morgan Henrie, Philip Carpenter, R. Edward Nicholas.
    作者: Henrie, Morgan,
    其他作者: Carpenter, Philip,
    面頁冊數: 1 online resource
    附註: Includes index.
    內容註: Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 1.1.Introduction -- 1.2.Why Are Pipelines Important? -- 1.3.Pipeline Basics -- 1.4.Pipeline Design Essentials -- 1.4.1.Physical Components -- 1.4.2.Data Acquisition and Control -- 1.5.Pipeline Leaks, Ruptures, Spills, and Theft -- 1.5.1.Breach of Integrity Incident Rates -- 1.5.2.Commodity Theft -- 1.6.Leak Detection Approaches -- 1.7.The Book Structure -- 1.8.Terminology -- 1.9.Nomenclature -- References -- 2.Pipeline Leak Detection Basics -- 2.1.The Challenges of Detecting Pipeline Leaks -- 2.2.The Toll Road and the Free-Rider Problem -- 2.2.1.Directly Detecting Free Riders -- 2.2.2.Detecting Free Riders by Counting Cars -- 2.3.Leak Location and Other Issues -- 2.4.Leak Detection and Theft -- 2.5.Functional Requirements -- 2.6.The Fundamental Principles Summarized -- 2.7.Architectural Foundations -- 2.8.A Taxonomy of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems -- 3.Mass Balance Leak Detection -- 3.1.Leaks and Conservation of Mass -- 3.2.Pipeline Mass Balance Section -- 3.3.Leak Detection by Mass Balance: Foundational Principles -- 3.4.Volume Balance at Standard Conditions as a Proxy for Mass Balance -- 3.4.1.Conservation of Standard Volume Is Not a Physical Principle -- 3.4.2.Formulation of Mass Balance Leak Detection in Terms of Volume at STP -- 3.5.Impact of Uncertainties in Mass/Volume Balances on Leak Detection -- 3.5.1.Determining the Flow Balance -- 3.5.2.Determining the Packing Rate -- 3.6.API 1130 Applicable Classification of Mass Balance Systems -- 3.6.1.Line Balance CPM -- 3.6.2.Volume Balance CPM -- 3.6.3.Modified Volume Balance CPM -- 3.6.4.Compensated Mass Balance -- 3.6.5.Real-Time Model Based Systems -- 3.7.Our Classification of Mass Balance-Based Leak Detection Systems -- References -- 4.Real-Time Transient Model -- Based Leak Detection -- 4.1.The Real-Time Transient Model -- 4.1.1.Fundamental Equations and Physics -- 4.2.Numerical Methods -- 4.2.1.Explicit Numerical Solution -- 4.2.2.Method of Characteristics Solution -- 4.2.3.Implicit Numerical Solution -- 4.2.4.A Comparison of Numerical Methods -- 4.3.Measurements and Boundary Conditions -- 4.3.1.Measurement Placement, Availability, and Reliability -- 4.3.2.Selection of Boundary Conditions -- 4.3.3.Boundary Condition Strategies -- 4.4.State Estimation and Related Subjects -- 4.5.Leak Detection Signals -- 4.6.Using the Leak Signals to Detect Leaks -- 4.7.Estimating Leak Location -- 4.8.Impact of Fluid Type: Liquids, Cases, and Multiphase Flows -- 4.8.1.Liquid Pipeline Leak Detection -- 4.8.2.Gas Pipeline Leak Detection -- 4.8.3.Liquid Pipelines With Slack Line Flow -- 4.8.4.Multiphase Flow-Based RTTMs -- 4.8.5.Dense Phase Fluids -- 4.9.RTTM Uncertainty Recap -- References -- 5.Statistical Processing and Leak Detection -- 5.1.Introduction to Leak Signal Processing -- 5.2.Signal Processing Basics -- 5.2.1.Outlier Rejection -- 5.2.2.Data Averaging/Accumulation -- 5.2.3.Use of Multiple Averaging Periods -- 5.2.4.Long-Term Average Analysis -- 5.3.Statistical Processing and Significance Testing -- 5.3.1.Random Noise, Time Correlation, Probability Distributions, and Significance Testing -- 5.3.2.Fixed Sample Size Significance Tests -- 5.3.3.Colored Noise, Whitening Filters, and Decorrelation -- 5.3.4.Sequential Probability Ratio Testing -- 5.3.5.Change Point Detection -- 5.3.6.Multiple Aggregators -- 5.3.7.False Alarms -- 5.3.8.Real-World Adjustments -- 5.3.9.Advanced Signal Detection Approaches -- References -- 6.Rarefaction Wave and Deviation Alarm Systems -- 6.1.Rarefaction Wave Physical Basis and Equations -- 6.2.Pressure Signal and Event Processing -- 6.3.Leak Detection and Location Using Rarefaction Waves -- 6.4.Rarefaction Wave Leak Detection Issues, Improvements, and Assessment -- 6.5.Deviation Alarm Systems -- 7.External and Intermittent Leak Detection System Types -- 7.1.Spill Migration -- 7.2.Direct Observation -- 7.2.1.Site Workers -- 7.2.2.Planned or Scheduled Observer -- 7.2.3.Third-Party Observation -- 7.3.Distributed Cable -- Based Leak Detection Technology -- 7.4.Fiber Optic Cable -- Based Sensor Systems -- 7.5.Hydrocarbon-Sensing Tubes -- 7.6.Fixed/Discrete Sensor Leak Detection Systems -- 7.6.1.Fixed Infrared and Spectrographic Detectors -- 7.6.2.Infrared Imaging -- 7.6.3.Fixed Acoustic Sensing -- 7.6.4.Fixed Hydrocarbon-Sensing Probes -- 7.6.5.Fixed Vapor or Tracer Element Sensors -- 7.7.Other External Methods -- 7.7.1.Ultrasonic Meter External Leak Detection -- 7.7.2.Intermittent Leak Detection Systems and Methods -- 7.7.3.Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Leak Detection Technology -- 7.8.General Assessment -- Reference -- 8.Leak Detection System Infrastructure -- 8.1.Field Instrumentation -- 8.1.1.Measurement Uncertainty -- 8.1.2.Time Skew -- 8.1.3.Data Sampling Processing Best Practices -- 8.1.4.Dealing With Calibration and Other Instrument Maintenance -- 8.2.Supporting Telecommunication and Network Infrastructure -- 8.2.1.Telecommunication Infrastructures -- 8.2.2.Telecommunication Redundancy -- 8.2.3.Telecommunication Issues -- 8.2.4.Telecommunication Best Practices -- 8.3.SCADA System Considerations -- 8.3.1.SCADA HMI Considerations -- 8.4.Historical Archiving of Data -- 8.4.1.Archiving Measurement Data -- 8.4.2.Archiving Leak Detection Results and Control Actions -- 8.5.Resilient System Design -- References -- 9.Leak Detection Performance, Testing, and Tuning -- 9.1.Performance Metrics -- 9.1.1.Primary Performance Metrics and Leak Detection Performance Mapping -- 9.1.2.Derived Metrics and LDS System Efficiency -- 9.2.Tuning and Tradeoffs -- 9.3.LDS Performance Testing and Evaluation -- 9.3.1.Commodity Withdrawal Testing for CPM Systems -- 9.3.2.Field Point Edit-Based Testing of CPM Systems -- 9.3.3.LDS Software-Based Testing -- 9.4.LDS Tuning -- 9.5.Performance Standards -- References -- 10.Human Factor Considerations in Leak Detection -- 10.1.The Human -- Machine Signal Detection Control Loop -- 10.1.1.Diagnosing Alarms in the Face of Uncertainty -- 10.1.2.Human Factors in the Control Room -- 10.1.3.Data Display, Presentation, and Integration -- 10.1.4.CRM Regulatory Requirements, Industry Standards, and Recommended Practices -- 10.1.5.Alarm Management Overview -- 10.1.6.Balancing Sensitivity and False Alarms -- 10.1.7.Training -- 10.1.8.Human Factors Summary -- 10.2.Direct Observation Leak Detection -- 10.2.1.Physical Release Models -- 10.2.2.Detection of Leaks by the Public -- References -- 11.Implementation and Installation of Pipeline Leak Detection Systems -- 11.1.Performance Requirement Specification -- 11.2.Leak Detection Technology/Methodology Decision -- 11.3.LDS System Integration Requirements -- 11.3.1.External Leak Detection Integration Requirements -- 11.3.2.Internal Leak Detection Integration Requirements -- 11.4.System Testing -- 11.5.Vendor Identification and Assessment -- 11.6.Commissioning -- 11.7.Long-Term Support Issues -- References -- 12.Regulatory Requirements -- 12.1.The United States of America Regulatory Environment -- 12.1.1.US Interstate Federal Regulations -- 12.2.Canada -- 12.3.Germany -- 12.4.Regulatory Requirements in Other Jurisdictions -- 12.4.1.Brazil -- 12.4.2.Great Britain -- References -- 13.Leak Detection and Risk-Based Integrity Management -- 13.1.Quantifying Integrity Breach Risk and Impact -- 13.1.1.Liquid Pipeline Spill Risk, Magnitude, and Cost -- 13.1.2.Liquid Commodity Spill Source Classification -- 13.1.3.Gas-Phase Commodity Integrity Breaches -- 13.1.4.Leak Detection Technology Versus Other Detection Mechanisms -- 13.2.Understanding the Consequences of a Spill -- 13.2.1.Low-Vapor-Pressure Liquid Pipeline Spills -- 13.2.2.HVL Spills -- 13.2.3.Gas Pipeline Ruptures -- 13.2.4.Summary -- 13.3.Leak Detection as a Component of Pipeline Loss-of-Integrity Risk Management -- 13.3.1.Analytical Basis -- 13.3.2.Pipeline Design to Minimize Loss of Containment Impact -- 13.3.3.Preventive Maintenance Program -- 13.3.4.Effective Leak Detection Program, Technology, and Procedures
    內容註: 13.3.5.Effective Response Plan -- 13.4.Conclusion -- References.
    標題: Pipeline failures. -
    電子資源: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780128022405
    ISBN: 9780128025673
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