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Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Ran...

Linden, Julie Beth.

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Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).

Record Type:	Electronic resources : Monograph/item
Title/Author:	Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta)./
Author:	Linden, Julie Beth.
Published:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2017,
Description:	154 p.
Notes:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-03(E), Section: A.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International79-03A(E).
Subject:	Physical anthropology. -
Online resource:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=10623324
ISBN:	9780355461909

Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).
Linden, Julie Beth.

Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta). - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2017 - 154 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-03(E), Section: A.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2017.

As a hormone involved in the stress response, cortisol is often used as a proxy for wellbeing, health, and evolutionary fitness in studies of humans and other primates. However, while stress does indeed typically increase cortisol levels, chronic stress can also have more complex effects, even leading to abnormally low levels of cortisol production (hypocortisolism). Evidence suggests that temporally persistent, severe stressors lead to hypocortisolism, while more transient stressors lead to the more typical temporary increase in cortisol production. I use a captive group formation of rhesus macaques to examine the effects of chronic stress due to social instability on cortisol production, measured with hair cortisol. I focus on three factors that might mediate the perception of stress during this period of social instability, thereby also mediating alterations to cortisol production. First, I examine effects of inter-individual variation in temperament, which might affect an individual's adaptability in the face of novel stressors. The results suggest that low hair cortisol levels can be achieved via coping with the stressor in individuals with adaptable temperaments, but also through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in highly emotionally reactive individuals. Second, I examine the effects of socially inflicted trauma as an added stressor during this period. I distinguish between Female- and Male-Pattern trauma, as the sex of an aggressor likely modulates the perception of that aggression as more or less stressful. Female aggression toward other female rhesus macaques can be retaliatory and persistent, and therefore might represent a more chronic stressor than male aggression toward females, which can be more transient. I find that females but not males who experience Male-Pattern Trauma during the first nine months after group formation exhibit higher hair cortisol levels. I further find that low hair cortisol levels at nine months after group formation predict increased probability of receiving Female-Pattern Trauma in the following year. Finally, I examine two related metrics characterizing an individual's social status within the newly formed group: rank and dominance certainty. High-ranking individuals might perceive social instability as more stressful, because they have more to lose from changes in the dominance hierarchy. Alternatively, low-ranking individuals might experience greater stress during unstable periods because of redirected aggression down the hierarchy. Dominance certainty is a measure of consensus regarding which individual is dominant to another. I use a form of this metric that averages dominance certainty for each individual across all their relationships with other group members. Low dominance certainty might be perceived as more stressful, particularly for high-ranking individuals whose position at the top of the hierarchy is tenuous. My findings implicate high rank and low dominance certainty as predictors of lower hair cortisol levels, although further study is required to confirm these effects. Taken together, the results presented in this dissertation consistently support the hypothesis that individuals expected to chronically perceive their environment as stressful (e.g., those with highly emotionally reactive temperaments, those experiencing severe female aggression, and those occupying tenuous dominance ranks) exhibit hypocortisolism, indexed by low hair cortisol levels. Those experiencing more transient stressors, such as females experiencing Male-Pattern Trauma, display the more typical stress response of elevated cortisol levels. This research adds to a body of literature suggesting chronic stress can down-regulate the HPA axis. Because both abnormally high and low levels of cortisol can be deleterious, this has implications for the common practice of using cortisol levels as an index of wellbeing, health, or evolutionary fitness in studies of primates.

ISBN: 9780355461909Subjects--Topical Terms:

518358
Physical anthropology.

Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).
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245 1 0 $a Factors Affecting Hair Cortisol, Rank, and Aggression in a Large Newly Formed Social Group of Captive Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).
260 1 $a Ann Arbor : $b ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, $c 2017
300 $a 154 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 79-03(E), Section: A.
500 $a Adviser: Lynne A. Isbell.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of California, Davis, 2017.
520 $a As a hormone involved in the stress response, cortisol is often used as a proxy for wellbeing, health, and evolutionary fitness in studies of humans and other primates. However, while stress does indeed typically increase cortisol levels, chronic stress can also have more complex effects, even leading to abnormally low levels of cortisol production (hypocortisolism). Evidence suggests that temporally persistent, severe stressors lead to hypocortisolism, while more transient stressors lead to the more typical temporary increase in cortisol production. I use a captive group formation of rhesus macaques to examine the effects of chronic stress due to social instability on cortisol production, measured with hair cortisol. I focus on three factors that might mediate the perception of stress during this period of social instability, thereby also mediating alterations to cortisol production. First, I examine effects of inter-individual variation in temperament, which might affect an individual's adaptability in the face of novel stressors. The results suggest that low hair cortisol levels can be achieved via coping with the stressor in individuals with adaptable temperaments, but also through down-regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in highly emotionally reactive individuals. Second, I examine the effects of socially inflicted trauma as an added stressor during this period. I distinguish between Female- and Male-Pattern trauma, as the sex of an aggressor likely modulates the perception of that aggression as more or less stressful. Female aggression toward other female rhesus macaques can be retaliatory and persistent, and therefore might represent a more chronic stressor than male aggression toward females, which can be more transient. I find that females but not males who experience Male-Pattern Trauma during the first nine months after group formation exhibit higher hair cortisol levels. I further find that low hair cortisol levels at nine months after group formation predict increased probability of receiving Female-Pattern Trauma in the following year. Finally, I examine two related metrics characterizing an individual's social status within the newly formed group: rank and dominance certainty. High-ranking individuals might perceive social instability as more stressful, because they have more to lose from changes in the dominance hierarchy. Alternatively, low-ranking individuals might experience greater stress during unstable periods because of redirected aggression down the hierarchy. Dominance certainty is a measure of consensus regarding which individual is dominant to another. I use a form of this metric that averages dominance certainty for each individual across all their relationships with other group members. Low dominance certainty might be perceived as more stressful, particularly for high-ranking individuals whose position at the top of the hierarchy is tenuous. My findings implicate high rank and low dominance certainty as predictors of lower hair cortisol levels, although further study is required to confirm these effects. Taken together, the results presented in this dissertation consistently support the hypothesis that individuals expected to chronically perceive their environment as stressful (e.g., those with highly emotionally reactive temperaments, those experiencing severe female aggression, and those occupying tenuous dominance ranks) exhibit hypocortisolism, indexed by low hair cortisol levels. Those experiencing more transient stressors, such as females experiencing Male-Pattern Trauma, display the more typical stress response of elevated cortisol levels. This research adds to a body of literature suggesting chronic stress can down-regulate the HPA axis. Because both abnormally high and low levels of cortisol can be deleterious, this has implications for the common practice of using cortisol levels as an index of wellbeing, health, or evolutionary fitness in studies of primates.
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