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Collective State Representation of A...

Kim, May E.

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Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology.

紀錄類型:	書目-電子資源 : Monograph/item
正題名/作者:	Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology./
作者:	Kim, May E.
出版者:	Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, : 2015,
面頁冊數:	273 p.
附註:	Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 77-05(E), Section: B.
Contained By:	Dissertation Abstracts International77-05B(E).
標題:	Atomic physics. -
電子資源:	http://pqdd.sinica.edu.tw/twdaoapp/servlet/advanced?query=3741428
ISBN:	9781339337104

Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology.
Kim, May E.

Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology. - Ann Arbor : ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2015 - 273 p.

Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 77-05(E), Section: B.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2015.

When N non-interacting atoms interact with a single frequency laser with no phase difference between the photons interacting with the atoms, their interaction can be described collectively [1]. For instance, suppose that there is a two level atom with state |Psi1&rang; = alpha 1|a&rang; + beta1|b&rang; , and another two level atom with state |Psi2&rang; = alpha 2|a&rang;+beta2|b&rang;. We assume that the two internal states |a&rang; and | b&rang; are indistinguishable between the atoms. Since they are non-interacting atoms, the total state of the system with the two atoms is |Psi&rang; C = alpha1alpha2|aa&rang; + alpha1beta2|ab&rang; + beta 1alpha2|ba&rang; + beta1beta 2|bb&rang;. By rotating the states |ab&rang; and |ba&rang;, we can redefine the system using two new basis states, |+&rang; = (|ab&rang; + |ba&rang;)/√2 and |-&rang; = (|ab&rang; - |ba&rang;)/√2. The state of the system with these states is |Psi&rang;C=alpha 1alpha2|aa&rang;+(alpha1beta2+beta 1alpha2)/√2|+&rang;+(alpha1beta 2-beta1alpha2)/√2|-&rang;+beta 1beta2|bb&rang;. If the two atoms interact with the same field, they evolve in the same way, so that alpha1=alpha 2 &equiv; alpha and beta1=beta2 &equiv; beta . Hence, the |-&rang; state, which is the antisymmetric state, vanishes, and only the symmetric states remain in the system, so that the total state of the system can be described by |Psi&rang;C=alpha 2|aa&rang; + √2alphabeta|+&rang; + beta 2|bb&rang;. The remaining states are what are known as the symmetric Dicke states, symmetric collective states, or collective spin states. This two atom case can be generalized to N atoms; for N atoms, there are N+1 symmetric collective states.

ISBN: 9781339337104Subjects--Topical Terms:

3173870
Atomic physics.

Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology.
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245 1 0 $a Collective State Representation of Atoms in Quantum Computing and Precision Metrology.
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300 $a 273 p.
500 $a Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 77-05(E), Section: B.
500 $a Adviser: Selim M. Shahriar.
502 $a Thesis (Ph.D.)--Northwestern University, 2015.
520 $a When N non-interacting atoms interact with a single frequency laser with no phase difference between the photons interacting with the atoms, their interaction can be described collectively [1]. For instance, suppose that there is a two level atom with state |Psi1&rang; = alpha 1|a&rang; + beta1|b&rang; , and another two level atom with state |Psi2&rang; = alpha 2|a&rang;+beta2|b&rang;. We assume that the two internal states |a&rang; and | b&rang; are indistinguishable between the atoms. Since they are non-interacting atoms, the total state of the system with the two atoms is |Psi&rang; C = alpha1alpha2|aa&rang; + alpha1beta2|ab&rang; + beta 1alpha2|ba&rang; + beta1beta 2|bb&rang;. By rotating the states |ab&rang; and |ba&rang;, we can redefine the system using two new basis states, |+&rang; = (|ab&rang; + |ba&rang;)/√2 and |-&rang; = (|ab&rang; - |ba&rang;)/√2. The state of the system with these states is |Psi&rang;C=alpha 1alpha2|aa&rang;+(alpha1beta2+beta 1alpha2)/√2|+&rang;+(alpha1beta 2-beta1alpha2)/√2|-&rang;+beta 1beta2|bb&rang;. If the two atoms interact with the same field, they evolve in the same way, so that alpha1=alpha 2 &equiv; alpha and beta1=beta2 &equiv; beta . Hence, the |-&rang; state, which is the antisymmetric state, vanishes, and only the symmetric states remain in the system, so that the total state of the system can be described by |Psi&rang;C=alpha 2|aa&rang; + √2alphabeta|+&rang; + beta 2|bb&rang;. The remaining states are what are known as the symmetric Dicke states, symmetric collective states, or collective spin states. This two atom case can be generalized to N atoms; for N atoms, there are N+1 symmetric collective states.
520 $a We first studied the symmetric collective states for the purpose of quantum computing. Using Rydberg atoms, we showed that with the proper choice of experimental parameters, the excitation of the collective states can be confined to just the ground state and the first excited state by way of differential light shifts. We called this the Rydberg assisted light shift imbalance induced blockade. Such a two level system is important in quantum computing because it can be used as a qubit, a building block of quantum computers. Although the collective state description of Rydberg atoms is quite complicated, since it requires more than just the two traditional hyperfine ground states of an alkali atom, we were able to successfully simplify the system and find the conditions necessary for the proper light shifts to occur to our advantage.
520 $a We then moved on to study whether the collective states could be used to make atomic clocks and interferometers. In the case of a collective state atomic clock (COSAC), we found that the Ramsey fringes narrowed by a factor of √N compared to a conventional clock--- N being the number of non-interacting atoms---without violating the uncertainty relation. This narrowing is explained as being due to interferences among the collective states, representing an effective √N fold increase in the clock frequency, without entanglement. We discuss the experimental inhomogeneities that affect the signal and show that experimental parameters can be adjusted to produce a near ideal signal. The detection process collects fluorescence through stimulated Raman scattering of Stokes photons, which emits photons predominantly in the direction of the probe beam for a high enough optical density. By using a null measurement scheme, in which detection of zero photons corresponds to the system being in a single collective state, we detect the population in a collective state of interest. The quantum and classical noise of the ideal COSAC is still limited by the standard quantum limit and performs only as well as the conventional clock. However, when detection efficiency and collection efficiency are taken into account, the detection scheme of the COSAC increases the quantum efficiency of detection significantly in comparison to a typical conventional clock employing fluorescence detection, yielding a net improvement in stability by as much as a factor of 10. For the off-resonant Raman excitation based COSAC, the theory and results from simulations were published together; the experiment is underway, and we hope to publish the results in a few months. The COSAC can also be described in terms of the coherent population transfer (CPT) states. The theory behind it is being polished and will be published soon. The collective state atomic interferometer is also possible, with similar inhomogeneities being present in such system, as well. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
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